الفهرس 
List of abbreviations
Functional anatomy of the lumbar spineOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the possible associations between atherosclerosis as a complication of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors including leptin receptor gene and low back pain due to lumbar IVD disease. This study was conducted on one hundred and five 21-70-year-old patients with LBP due to IVD degeneration and/or herniation and 95 apparently healthy volunteers of matching age and gender. All the patients were subjected to Thorough history taking,Full clinical examination; General, Systemic, Locomotor system lumbar spine examination including alignment and curve, muscle spasm, local tenderness, measuring the range of spinal movement, stretch signs, and neurological examination of lower limb Back-specific function was assessed using the Oswestry Disability Index and assessment of general health using SF-36 survey.Investigations were radiological; MRI LSS include The grade of DD was determined by the mid-sagittal disc signal with the Pfirrmann five-grade classification. The size of disc herniation together with its location was assessed by MSU Classification assessment of disc height and grading of endplate changes by Modic classification,Laboratory tests FBG, lipid profile, serum uric acid and Genetic study of leptin recptor gene LYS109ARG.The results revealed There was a significant higher frequency of metabolic syndrome in patients with degenerative lumbar IVD disease compared with controls.There was a significant difference between patients’ and controls’ as regards serum uric acid, cholesterol and LDL levels. There was significant increase in IMT of aorta subdiaphragmatic and mid-abdominal among patients group compared to controls.There was no significant difference was found between neither the presentation of the leptin receptor gene (AA, AG or GG) in patients and that in controls. There was significant difference between patients with metabolic syndrome compared to those without it, as regards age, BMI, WC, HC and WH ratio.There were significant difference between patients with metabolic syndrome compared to those without it, as regards Oswestry back disability and SF-36 Items Health survey scores.There was an association between metabolic syndrome and lower signal intensity of IVD and higher grades of disc degeneration.There was no significance between patients and controls nor the alleles A and G distributions but there is significant correlations were detected between the AG gene and the size of the LDH and also with lower LDH.. to conclude, that metabolic syndrome is a common finding among the patients with IVD degeneration..So we Recommend: patients with LBP should be screened for metabolic syndrome and preventive measures can be taken.