الفهرس 
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Abstract
Integrating sphere IS recommended as a multi-task device. Its mam function is the optical reflectance and transmittance measurements, especially for highly scattering samples. Moreover, integrating spheres are strongly recommended for calibration processes, therefore they have been used to build up calibration models for optical properties determinatio Optical properties, namely absorption and reduced scattering coefficients are clues for characterizing light propagation mechanism inside human tissues. Tissue simulators, the so called phantoms, have been widely used to mimic tissue for spectroscopical applications. In this work, three calibration models based on the measurements of integrating sphere systems have been studied. Integrating spheres measurements were fed into the calibration models using the multiple polynomial regression method and Newton-Raphson algorithm. The third order polynomials have been used for optical properties predictions. Good agreement between the three models has been shown. Solid phantoms, with titanium dioxide as a scatterer and black carbon as an absorber, have been used to test model prediction accuracy. Compatibility of phantom contents has been discussed. Both scatterer and absorber showed observable effects on the absorption and scattering of the light propagating through the phantoms. Calibration models have been also used to study change of optical properties of Escherichia coli with bacterial turbidity. It has been shown the strain has high absorptivity as well as ability of light scattering.