الفهرس 
RISK FACTORS and PATHOGENESISOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Several studies havreported that patients who need intensive care unit (ICU) treatment may experience psychological distress with increasing development of psychological illness and morbidity related to psychological disorders (Myhren et al.,2010).
Extreme levels of acute distress are common in critically ill patients and subsequently there is a high prevalence of psychological morbidity including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), delirium, depression and anxiety among critical care survivors (Wade et al., 2013).
Several factors (age and sex, duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay, unemployment, personality traits, factual and pain memory and educational status) have recently been associated with ICU psychological distress (Myhren et al., 2010).
The Intensive care psychological assessment tools was developed as a simple, quick screening tool to be used routinely to detect acute distress, and the risk of future psychological morbidity in critical care units (Wade et al.,2014).
Neuroimaging studies have high clinical yield (the number of positive results divided by the total number of studies performed) in the evaluation of psychological disorders and should be reserved for patients with new focal neurologic signs, those with a history or signs of head trauma, those with fever and acute changes in mental status in whom encephalitis is suspected (Inouye, 1998).
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a valuable tool used to assess electrophysiological changes associated with mental illness, and has shown increasing utility in assessing brain function in clinical studies in intensive care units (Deslandes et al., 2008).
Classes of medications that are commonly used to control psychological disorders in the intensive care unit (ICU) include benzodiazepines (eg, diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam), opioid analgesics (eg, fentanyl, hydromorphone, morphine, remifentanil), propofol, and neuroleptics (eg, haloperidol) ( Wunsch et al.,2009) .
Non-pharmacological measures to promote patient comfort include reassurance, attention to correct positioning of patients, stabilisation of fractures and careful elimination of any painful physical stimulation (for example, avoiding traction by positioning of ventilator tubing). Application of heat and cold therapy may also be useful. Other measures such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and massage may be helpful in some patients (Meissner, 2009).