الفهرس 
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Abstract
Bilharziasis is a chronic worm infection caused by several species of blood flukes of genus schistosomes. It’s the most prevailing endemic disease in the world, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. In Egypt 58٪ of villagers people infected by schistosoma, and a 0.5٪ of infected people die every year causmg tremendous loss in economy and human activities. In this work we developed a novel method using natural sunlight, and laser radiation with porphyrin derivative for controlling S. mansoni cercariae which are the intermediate host of S. mansoni in Egypt. This work was performed to retard the life cycle of S. mansoni inside the host and would be a promising approach in potentiation of protection against Schistosoma infection. A novel method using natural sunlight and He-Ne laser 10mW (632.8nm) radiation with Haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) for controlling s. mansoni cercariae which are the intermediate host of s. mansoni in Egypt. Also HpD used as photosensitizer which is characterized by low environmental impact, minimal risk for plant and animals, and human ecosystems. In addition, it seems to have no intrinsic toxic effects and no detectable metabolic alterations. In a trial towards retardation of s. mansoni life cycle in the host and would be hoping approach in potentian of protection against schistosoma infection. Six groups of hamsters (each group six hamsters), each hamster injected by 300 treated s. mansoni cercariae (attenuated survival cercariae & lethal cercariae and one c.c. of Hp D), one group for LCso, the other for LC40 and the last group for LC30 using sunlight for irradiation. Also, the fourth group, each hamster infected by 300 treated cercanae at the condition ofLCso by using He-Ne laser 10mW (632.8nm). The results of this work showed what, the concentration of HpD which gave 50% mortality of s. mansoni cercariae, (LCso) obtained at 10-5 mol. drn” concentration of HpD, when cercariae irradiated by sunlight at 308 W/m2 for 10 minutes. Also LCso of HpD for s. mansoni cercariae occur when using 10-6 mol-dm-3 of HpD and irradiated with He-Ne laser 10mW (632.8nm) for 15 minutes. Also, the result revealed that, when s. mansoni cercariae treated by 10-7 mol.dm” concentration of HpO and irradiated by sunlight at 308 W/m2 for 10 minutes gave 72%٪ of survival cercariae (or 28٪ morality), that means of, about 30٪ lethal concentration LC30 of s. mansoni cercariae at 10-7 mol.dm-3 HpD. Also, 10-6 mol.dm” ofHpD gave LC40. The result showed that, parasitological examination about 65٪ reduction of the worm burden inside the portal vi ens, ova count and percent egg stages inside hamsters infected with s. mansoni cercariae treated by 10-5 , 10-6 and 10-7 mol. Dm-3 of HpD (i.e. : LCso , LC40 and LC30) and irradiated sunlight for 10 - 15 minutes. Also, for these hamsters groups, histopathological changes, granuloma formation and the cellular components of liver tissues are not affected, also, the hepatic histopathological changes are not occurred, that by comparing with positive hamster group. On the other hand, the results showed that normal liver enzyme levels (AST , AL T , ALP) aminotransferases and alkaline phosphates enzyme levels for sera of the selected infected hamsters with s. mansoni cercariae treated by 16-5 rnol.dm’ HpD and irradiated by He-Ne laser 1 Om Ware not affected comparing with that of negative control group sera. This work is carried out to assess the immunological parameters for these hamsters groups. So, the results of the present study revealed that highly significant decrease in antischistosomal antibodies levels (IgG , IGM and circulating soluble antigen levels) comparing with that of control positive infected group. Also, no any change in the all types of lymphocyte blood cells for all hamsters in treated groups compared with that in negative control group. These results suggest that sensthetization of s. mansoni cercaria with HpD concentrations 10-5 potentiate relevant immune effector mechanisms which reflected on protection as well as improvement of the parasitological, pathological and histological parameters In the experimental murine model.