الفهرس 
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common cancer worldwide and the third most common cause of cancer mortality. Major risk factors for HCC include infection with HBV or HCV, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease. In general, men are two to four times more often associated with HCC than women. It can be suggested that sex hormones may play some roles in HCC. Rather, very limited information discusses its potential involvement in HCC.
Thus this work tried to discuss the possible role of sex hormones in HCC and to estimate the level of sex hormones in HCC patients in comparison to both liver cirrhosis and control groups.
This study was conducted on 90 subjects. They were categorized into the following groups:
Group 1 (HCC group):40 patients
Group 2 (liver cirrhosis group):30 patients
Group 3 (Control group):20 patients
All patients and control groups were subjected to the following:
1- Full history taking including past history of hepatitis and alcohol intake.
2- Complete clinical examination including examination of the abdomen, chest and heart were done.
3- Abdominal ultrasound and CT abdomen to identify the cirrhosis, presence or absence of spleen enlargement and presence or absence of ascites. U/S was done by using Acuson / 128 X P / 10 using plused array 3.5-4 MHz probe.
Summary
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4-Laboratory investigation including:
• Complete blood picture
• Liver function tests:
AST, ALT, bilirubin, Albumin and PT,PC% and INR
• Estimation of serum AFP.
• Hormonal assay of serum estrogen, progesterone, total testosterone, prolactin, FSH and LH.
Our results showed that:
1- Testosterone levels were decreased in two patients groups in comparing to controls also there was an increase in males than females in both patient groups in control group.
2- Estrogen levels were decreased in HCC group in compared to both liver cirrhosis and control groups and there was no significant change in HCC and in cirrhosis groups between males and females but there was an increase in female than males in control group.
3- Progesterone levels showed no significant relation between HCC and cirrhotic groups versus controls however, there was no significant change in HCC and in cirrhosis groups between males and females. In control group these levels were increased in females versus males.
4- FSH levels were increased in HCC group when comparing to controls. was has significant change in HCC and in cirrhosis groups where increase in females than males in both groups and also in females than males in control group.
5- LH levels were increased in HCC group when comparing to controls. Also significant change in HCC and in cirrhosis groups where increase in females than males in both groups.
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6- Prolactin levels were decreased in HCC group in compare to liver cirrhosis group.
7- Prolactin levels were increased in liver cirrhosis group when compare to controls. No significant change in both HCC and cirrhosis groups where in control group there is increase in females than males.
8- There was no significant correlation between sex hormones assay and degree of cirrhosis in HCC group.
9- There was no significant correlation between sex hormones assay and degree of cirrhosis in cirrhotic group.
10- There was no significant correlation between sex hormones assay and size of HCC.
11- There was no significant correlation between hormonal assay and degree of liver cirrhosis in both HCC and liver cirrhosis groups.