الفهرس 
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Abstract
Cancer is one of the main diseases in human populations where reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in all major stages of carcinogenesis. In this point of view anti-oxidant therapy has become important for both prevention and palliative treatment of malignant diseases. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the anti-oxidant capacity, the biological and biochemical impact of the oil extract of Artemisia monosperma A. (wormwood, WO) extract to alleviate and improve the colon cancer induced chemically in male adult albino rats.
This study was divided into two sections:-
The first section consists of analysis of the phytochemicals constituents and the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as anti-oxidant activity of WO extract. Data presented that each 100 g of the prepared oil extract contained 237 ± 2.3 mg as gallic acid equivalent for total phenols, 3.06 ± 0.01 mg as catechin equivalent for flavonoids, 11.34 ± 0.68 mg of carotenoids, 1.95 ± 0.06 mg as alkaloids and polyunsaturated fatty acid represent 66.16 % of fatty acids. The tested oil extract also showed high free radical scavenging activity of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radicals by about 95.6 %.
The second section consisted of the biological trial. Throughout this study, sixty of healthy male adult albino rats Spargue-Dawley strain weighing 190 ± 10 g were subjected to experimentation conditions. All rats were offered the balanced diet with drinking water ad libitum. Animals were divided into 6 groups 10 rats each: (group 1): Healthy rats (control group), (group 2): Healthy rats consumed WO extract daily at dose (600 mg/kg body weight), (group 3): Malignant rats (control group): Rats were treated orally with DNCB at dose 24×10-3 g dissolved in 1.2 ×10-3 L acetone 95% per kg body weight (day after day) for 2 weeks, then injected in colon with 1×10-3 g dissolve in 1mL ethyl alcohol 50 % per kg body weight for 3 weeks (once/week), (group 4) : WO protection: Rats were orally pretreated with WO (600mg/Kg body weight/day) for 4 weeks, then were treated with DNCB, (group 5) :WO treatment: Rats were treated with DNCB, then orally treated with WO (600 mg/Kg body weight/day) for 4 weeks and (group 6): WO (protection + treatment): Rats were pretreated with WO (600 mg/Kg body weight/day) for 4 weeks then treated with DNCB and continued to received WO treatment at the same dose for 4 weeks. The results illustrated that:
1. The biological study data confirmed the impact of consuming WO extract as pre and/or post oral doses. Treatment of rats with DNCB for cancer induction caused a statistically significant (P<0.05) reduction in the mean values of body weight, food intake, feed efficiency ratio and feed conversion ratio in the malignant rats when compared with the healthy rats by about 123.4 %, 49.05 %, 54.54 % and 127.7 % , respectively. Whereas a significant increment in the relative weight of colon and liver was observed in the malignant rats compared with the healthy rats by 81.8 % and 52.6 %, respectively. Treatment of malignant rats with WO extract before and after cancer induction caused significant (P<0.05) increase in body weight, food intake, feed efficiency ratio as well as feed conversion ratio (218.6 %, 56.79 %, 104 % and 53.65 %, respectively) accompanied by significant reduction in the relative weight of colon and liver ( 41.11 % and 29.88 %, respectively) as compared with the malignant control rats
2. Oral consumption of tested WO extract after colon cancer induction showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the serum levels of some tumor markers including ALP activity, AFP, TNF-α, CEA and CA-19.9 by 4.62 %, 54.34 %, 6.28 %, 57.13 % and 50.82 %, respectively when compared with the malignant control group. where oral consumption of the tested extract before and after colon cancer induction caused significant reduction in the tumor markers by 4.17 %, 51.34 %, 46.34 %, 26.35 % and 27.46 % for ALP activity, AFP, TNF-α, CEA and CA-19.9, respectively as compared with the WO protection group.
3. from the results of inflammatory markers it is observed that cancer induction showed significant (P<0.05) increment in the levels of IL-6, CRP and ESR as compared with the healthy control group. While oral consumption of WO extract before and after colon cancer induction caused significant (P<0.05) reduction in the levels of IL-6, CRP and ESR by 57.28 %, 91.8 % and 60.54 %, respectively as compared with the malignant control group.
4. A significant (P<0.05) reduction in the total proteins, albumin, A/G ratio, iron and ferritin by about 40.57 %, 80.93 %, 87.61 %, 38.2 % and 71.12 %, respectively as well as significant increase in the inflammatory globulins by about 53.84 % was found by induction of colon cancer when compared with the healthy control group. While there was significant (P<0.05) increase in the serum level of total proteins, albumin, A/G ratio, iron and ferritin and decrease in the serum globulins in the group that consumed WO extract oral doses after colon cancer induction by 12.92 %, 144.44 %, 221.42 %, 30.38 %, 88.09 % and 23.75 %, respectively compared with malignant control group. While consuming WO before and after colon cancer induction showed better improvement when compared with the malignant control group.
5. The results showed that cancer induction caused microcytic hypochromic anemia which was presented with reduced levels of blood Hb, HcT percentage, RBCs count, MCV, MCH, MCHC, VI as well as SI when compared with the healthy rats by 51.82 %, 54.07 %, 48.52 %, 10.86 %, 22.39 %, 9.02 %, 15.68 % and 11.53 %, respectively. Also there was significant (P<0.05) increase in WBCs count and reduction in lymphocytes percentage in the malignant rats compared with healthy rats by 268.7 % and 52.82 %, respectively. Whereas continued administration of tested extract before and after colon cancer induction caused increment in the levels of blood Hb, HcT %, RBCs count, MCV, MCH, MCHC, VI, SI and lymphocytes percentage as well as significant reduction in WBCs count as compared with the malignant control group by 87.1 %, 92.49 %, 74.28 %, 11.56 %, 27.89%, 12.87 %, 11.63 %, 13.04 %, 101.01 % and 66.3 %, respectively.
6. Colon cancer induction with DNCB caused a statistically significant (P<0.05) increase in oxidative stress status presented by increased serum and colonic MDA and NO by 281.61 %, 290.44 %, 200.49 % and 202.47 %, respectively whereas reduced level of blood and colonic GSH, serum TAC, erythrocyte SOD activity and serum CAT activity by 56.76 %, 34.14 %, 55.85 %, 25.97 % and 43.9 %, respectively when compared with the healthy rats. The results indicated increased anti-oxidant status and reduced oxidative stress status with oral consumption of WO extract before and after colon cancer induction, presented by reduced serum and colonic MDA and NO, accompanied by increased levels of blood and colonic GSH, serum TAC, erythrocyte SOD activity and serum CAT activity by 71.44 %, 53.59 %, 71.37 %, 53.9 %, 116.7 %, 33.69 %, 119.27 %, 27.56 % and 67.06 %, respectively as compared with their corresponding malignant control group.
7. The histopathological examination of colon tissue of malignant rats illustrated the encapsulated cancer tissue that exhibited excessive proliferation, large size of nucleus with signs of malignancy. While feeding WO extract to the treated groups led to tumor capsulation by limiting the tumor cell invasion due to apoptosis
In general, the results obtained in this study showed the beneficial effects of consuming WO extract on malignant rats as pre and/or post oral doses. The daily consumption is important for the improvement of colon function in patients suffering of colon cancer due to its content of phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids and other bioactive compounds.