الفهرس 
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Abstract
A
ccording to the declaration by the special interest group for children of the International Association for the study of pain (IASP, 2005), pain relief is a human right. However, relief of acute post-operative pain and pain from other causes remains problematic (McGrath et al., 2006, Perquin et al (2008), Karling et al., 2008). A consequence of inadequate pain relief is unnecessary suffering for children (Taddio et al., 2007). Nurses are key to effective pain management in children (Hamrin, 2009), but studies have shown that nurses’ knowledge, experience and attitudes can create barriers to effective pain management (Manworren, 2011). In a study where nurses’ knowledge about pain management and attitudes to pain were compared with nurses in Sweden, Britain, and South Africa (Enskar et al., 2007) found that Swedish nurses had comparatively good knowledge of pain and its management.
Aim of the Study
This study aimed to assess nurses’ perception regarding pain management among children at the emergency room children.
Research Questions:
• How do nurses perceived pain among children at the Emergency Room?
• What is the management which considered appropriate by nurses for children experiencing pain at Emergency room?
• Do nurses’ perceptions of pain among children affect their management at the Emergency room?
I-Research Design:
A descriptive design was used to conduct this study.
A. Study Setting
This study was conducted in Pediatric Emergency Room at Children Hospital affiliated to Ain Shams University Hospitals.
B. Subjects
The subjects of this study composed of 40 Nurses were attended in the previously mentioned setting over a 6 months period.
II- Technical design
Tools of data collection
Data was collected through use of the following tools:
A- Interview questionnaire form (Appendix I):
This tool was designed by the researcher and written in simple Arabic language based on scientific literature review to assess data assess demographic characteristics of the studied Nurses such as age, level of education, occupation and marital status.
Scoring system for knowledge questions:
The right answers were scored one, and those wrong were scored zero. These scores were summed-up and converted into a percent score. Satisfy answer if the percent score was 75% or more and unsatisfied if less than 75%.
B. Perception Assessment sheet (Likert scale).
It is used to assess Nurses’ perception of pain in children.
Scoring system:
The questionnaire items were scored 4,3,2, 1, and 0 for the responses strong disagree, disagree, uncertain, agree and strong agree. The scores of the items of each part were summed-up and the total divided by the number of the items, giving a mean score for the part. These scores were converted into a percent score, and means and standard deviations were computed.
III. Operation design
The operational design for this study consisted of three phases, namely preparatory phase, pilot study, and fieldwork.
Preparatory Phase
This phase included reviewing of literature related to nurses’ knowledge and experience, articles, journals, and internet. This served to develop the study tools for data collection. During this phase, the researcher also visited the selected places to get acquainted with the personnel and the study settings. Development of the tools was under supervisors’ guidance and experts’ opinions were considered.
Pilot Study
Pilot study was carried out on 10% of Pediatric Nurses in Emergency room at Children Hospital affiliated to Ain Shams University Hospitals in order to test the applicability of the constructed tools and the clarity of the included questions related to nurses’ knowledge and perception of pain management. The pilot has also served to estimate the time needed for each subject to fill in the questions. According to the results of the pilot, some corrections and omissions of items were performed as needed. The pilot participants were not included in the main study sample.
Fieldwork
To carry out the study, an approval was obtained from the medical and nursing director of Pediatric Emergency Room at Children Hospital affiliated to Ain Shams University. Data were collected in six months, from the first of November to the 20 of April.
The researcher first met with the nurses working at Pediatric Emergency Room at Children Hospital affiliated to Ain Shams University, explained the purpose of the study after introducing herself. The nurses were assured that information collected would be treated confidentially, and it would be used only for the purpose of the research. Then, individual interviewing was done after obtaining nurses consent to participate. The researcher was visiting the study setting 3days / weekly at morning shift to collect data and implement this study.
Content and Face Validity and Reliability:
It was ascertained by a group of experts in pediatric nursing. Their opinions elicited regarding the format, layout, consistency, accuracy and relevancy of the tools.
III. Administrative Design
An official permission to conduct the study obtained from the medical and nursing director of Pediatric Emergency room at Children Hospital affiliated to Ain Shams University Hospitals. The researcher then met the hospital director and explained the purpose and the methods of the data collection.
Ethical Consideration:
A letter was issued to them from the Faculty of Nursing, Ain-Shams University, explaining the aim of the study in order to obtain their permission and cooperation. Verbal approval was obtained from the nurses before inclusion in the study; a clear and simple explanation was given according to their level of understanding, physical and mental readiness. They secured that all the gathered data was confidential and used for research purpose only.
The ethical research considerations include the following:
The research approval was obtained from the faculty ethical committee before starting the study.
The researcher was clarify the objectives and aim of the study to nurses included in the study before starting
The researcher was assuring maintaining anonymity and confidentiality of subjects’ data included in the study.
The Subjects was informed that they are allowed to choose to participate or not in the study and they have the right to withdraw from the study at any time.
IV. Statistical Analysis
Data collected from the studied sample was revised, coded and entered using. PC. Computerized data entry and statistical analysis were fulfilled using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20.Data were presented using descriptive statistics in the form of frequencies, percentages. Chi-square test(X2) was used for comparisons between qualitative variables. Statistical significant was considered at p-value <0.05