الفهرس 
Anatomy of the breastOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
B
reast cancer is the most common malignant disease in Western women. In these patients, it is not the primary tumor, but its metastases at distant sites that are the main cause of death (Forman D, et al., 2010).
Although breast cancer has a markedly higher incidence in developed countries, half of new breast cancer diagnoses and an estimated 60% of breast cancer deaths are now thought to occur in the developing world. Metastatic disease, or the spread of tumor cells throughout the body, is responsible for the vast majority of cancer patient deaths and represents the central clinical challenge of solid tumor oncology (Redig AJ, et al., 2011).
Risk factors of breast cancer may be divided into preventable and non preventable. Breast cancer, like other forms of cancer, can result from multiple environmental and hereditary risk factors. The term environmental, as used by cancer researchers, means any risk factor that is not genetically inherited (Washington, et al., 2011).
Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of human malignancy, cancer remains amongst the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with 7.5 million deaths attributed to cancer in 2008. Breast cancer is now the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading global cause of cancer death in women, accounting for 23% of cancer diagnoses (1.38 million women) and 14% of Cancer deaths (458 000 women) each year (McAllister SS, et al., 2011).
Breast cancer metastasis is a complex process determined by many factors and pathways. New and effective ways to detect and predict breast cancer metastasis at the earliest stage possible are important for the management of this disease. In addition, the unraveling of the mechanisms behind breast cancer metastasis could give rise to novel therapeutic approaches to combat this disease (Chaffer C. L, et al., 2012).
Even after drastic removal of breast tumor “with its roots,” most of the patients developed metastasis disproving its local origin. Tumor regrowth was explained for a relatively short period of time by the secretion of hormones. Indeed, in some cases the removal of the ovaries starved the tumor, at least temporarily. Reproductive endocrine events such as early age full-term pregnancy and lactation have been shown to reduce breast cancer risk. (Weinberg RA, et al., 2012).
The surgery of breast tumors with distant metastases is indicated only to prevent local complications. It is generally accepted that local therapy provides no survival advantage once metastases have occurred and that, in fact, tumor excision may further stimulate the growth of the metastases (Barkley CR, et al., 2009).