الفهرس 
Physiological Changes During PregnancyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
During pregnancy the pregnant female has many physiological changes that affect all the systems of her body to compensate her needs and to maintain her life and her fetus these changes affect These following systems hematology, cardiovascular, respiratory system, gastrointestinal, liver, kidney, central nervous system, metabolism and musculoskeletal system. The obstetric emergencies are classified into: hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic. Hemorrhagic emergencies include: Hemorrhage in early pregnancy which include (extra uterine pregnancy, abortion), intrapartum hemorrhage (rupture uterus) and postpartum hemorrhage (uterine atony, placenta accrete, retained placenta, uterine inversion). Ante partum hemorrhage which includes (abruption placenta, placenta previa, vasa previa). Non hemorrhagic emergencies: Related to the fetus as; fetal distress and cord prolapsd and other related to the mother as ;pre-eclampsia, difficult intubation, emergency cesarean section, morbid obesity, embolism and cardiac arrest. The pregnant female has an altered physiology, so she has a different response to anesthetic drugs, the pregnant female needs less analgesia, less muscle relaxant, less MAC of inhalational anesthetics, less dose of interathecal local anesthetics. The optimal anesthetic management of patients is dependent on many factors, including the stability of the patient, the availability of supplementary services, and the patient wishes for that full assessment of patient and fetus is required to choose the anesthetic technique whether general, spinal, or epidural can be used for the patients and post anesthetic management of analgesia and fluid replacement is needed. Anesthetists must provide safe anesthesia for both mother and child. Maternal safety is related to the physiologic adaptations associated with pregnancy, which enforce anesthetists to adapt their standard anesthetic techniques. Fetal safety relates to teratogenicity, avoidance of fetal asphyxia and avoidance of preterm labor and delivery.