الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a chronic water-borne helminthic disease, which is endemic in many tropical and subtropical countries, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. The current global estimate indicates that 258 million people, mostly children, are at risk for schistosomiasis; 90% of them live in Africa. In 2014, the reported number of people who have been treated for schistosomiasis was 61.6 million. In Egypt, schistosomiasis is the most important endemic parasitic disease, where the reported cases are approximately seven million. It constitutes around 70% of the chronic liver diseases in the adults and 35% of liver diseases in children.
Owing to the unavailability of an effective vaccine and the difficulty of snail control, preventive chemotherapy represents the corner stone in schistosomiasis control, which concentrates on the regular targeted treatment with PZQ. As a result to the intensified preventive usage of PZQ in the control programs, concern about the emergence of resistance is raised. Besides, the occasionally reported resistant Schistosoma strains and the reduced cure rates after PZQ treatment necessitate searching for alternatives to guarantee hindering the development of widespread resistance.
Drug repositioning provides a rapid alternative way for drug discovery that can identify new therapeutic uses for the existing approved drugs. As a result to the life style similarities and the fundamental links between cancer and parasites, repositioning of anti-cancerous agents as a potential anti-parasitics is quite trendy, especially those sharing the same therapeutic targets. Chlorambucil is an anti-leukemic drug that inhibits mammalian thioredoxine reductase (TrxR), which shares the same active sites of schistosomal thioredoxine glutathione reductase (TGR); a key antioxidant enzyme in schistosomes defence mechanisms. Thus, the current study investigated both the in vitro and in vivo efficacies of chlorambucil against schistosomiasis mansoni.