الفهرس 
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Abstract
In Egypt, many field crops as well as various vegetables are attacked by numerous insect pests. Lepidopterous insects in general and the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), in particular, are the most dangerous pests in this respect. In fact, the cotton leaf-worm is a major limiting factor affecting crop and vegetable production, not only in Egypt, but also in many other countries. S. littoralis is similarly one of the most destructive agricultural lepidopterous pests within its subtropical and tropical range. It can attack numerous economically important crops all year round. Of these crops are cotton, leguminous crops, and various vegetables.
The unwise use of synthetic insecticides gives rise to high resistance to many chemical pesticides, resurgence, and residues of chemical pesticides in the environment. More attention should be paid to the use of bioinsecticides such as compounds based on bacteria, fungi, and viruses. These groups have unique modes of action and their properties may differ considerably from the conventional agents with which growers are familiar.