الفهرس 
• Anatomy and embryological development of the testisOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Cryptorchidism or undescended testis is one of the most common anomalies in pediatric surgery. The main reasons for the treatment of cryptorchidism include reducing the risks of an impairment of fertility potential, testicular malignancy, torsion, associated inguinal hernia and other psychological problems at puberty.
The use of laparoscopic surgery has grown dramatically in recent years in most all types of surgery. Improved diagnostic accuracy, postoperative convalescence, cost effectiveness and superior outcomes have resulted in routine use of diagnostic laparoscopy and laparoscopic orchiopexy for management of the nonpalpable testis.