الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The importance of protein lies in that it is responsible for all body functions. Whether one has the biological background or no, it is well known that protein is the building block of any human being. What non biologists does not know is that proteins do not perform their functions in their raw format. This can be explained by simply seeing the protein in its building block; named amino acid. Amino acids form the primary structure of the protein, then these amino acids combine together to form secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. This can be seen as the different dimensions of protein structures.
The protein performs their functions by bonding together. These functions are numerous; some can be:
- Alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes alcohols to aldehydes or ketones.
- Hemoglobin carries oxygen
- Insulin controls the amount of sugar in the blood and much more.
The raw amino acids form hydrogen bonds resulting in the secondary structure. When these hydrogen bonds bond together again, they form the tertiary structure and the quaternary structure in the same manner. The protein functionality can be understood by analyzing the different structures of it. In addition, any disorder in protein cannot be detected unless scientists examine the secondary structure [1]. Figure 1-1 shows a basic example for different
Chapter 1 Introduction
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protein structures, then Figure 1-2 shows a real example in which (a) shows the primary structure composed of amino acids represented in characters. (b) shows the secondary structure in which the sequence shows in (a) fold showing the hydrogen bonds. It can be seen in the figure that based on the folding shape, the secondary structure is named either alpha helix or beta sheets. In the case of neither alpha nor beta, they are called coils. (c) describes the folding of (b) to form 𝛼 𝑜𝑟 𝛽 polypeptide bond known as tertiary structure. Last (d) shows the folding of 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 polypeptide to form Heme groups