الفهرس 
Introduction and Aim of the WorkOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Tramadol is a synthetic, centrally acting analgesic used parenterally and orally for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. Tramadol is considered to be a safe drug. However, mortality that has been reported with its use and toxicity can be accidentally happened. Tramadol toxicity is more common in male single patients in the 3rd decade of life. Tramadol toxicity may be associated with nausea, dizziness, headache, agitation, seizure, hypertension, hypotension, respiratory depression, acute liver failure and renal failure.
This work is designed to study the histopathological and biochemical hazards of chronic use of tramadol on different body systems. This experimental work was done in Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Biochemistry and pathology Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University in a period of 1st May 2015 to 30th April 2016. One hundred and fifty adult male albino rats weighting 200-220 grams were included in this study. Rats were divided into three groups (each group contains fifty rats), one control and the other two groups for Tramadol HCl administration.
The biochemical analysis revealed that there was an increase in the level of MDA in liver, kidney, heart, testes, thyroid gland and brain. MDA is considered as a marker of oxidative stress which cause by tramadol administration. The present study found that tramadol causes increase in the levels of liver enzymes AST, ALT and LDH, it also cause increase in the BUN, serum creatinine, CK-MB and Cardiac troponin I levels. These biomarkers showed decreasing in their level after withdrawal of the drug. It is recommended to do close monitoring of liver, kidney, cardiac, testicular and thyroid functions in patients with malignancy and on tramadol therapy to avoid hazardous effects of tramadol. It is advised to do future researches on the effect of antioxidants in decreasing the hazardous effects of tramadol. The results of our study emphasize the need for future researches on the effect of tramadol on other body organs.