الفهرس 
LITERATURE REVIEWOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commo cancer in women both in the developed and less
developed world.(4) According to EDHS 2015, Breast cancer in Egypt is the most common
cancer among women and is estimated to be the cause of 22 percent all cancer-related
female deaths.(6) Few Egyptian women age 15-59 have ever been screened for breast
cancer; only 6 percent did Breast Self-Examination (BSE) in the previous 12 months; only
2 percent had ever had any type of clinical screening.(6) Lack of knowledge and awareness
about modes of detecting breast cancer in Egypt such as breast Self-Examination (BSE),
breast examination by health providers, and screening by mammography, ultra sound, or
other clinical procedures, leads to misinformation and missing of opportunities for
prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Examine nurses ’ beliefs related to breast cancer
screening behaviors must be done. (13, 14, 19)
Aim of the study
The present study was designed to apply Health Belief Model on early detection of
breast cancer among nurses in Alexandria Main University Hospital.
1. To assess the level of knowledge related to breast cancer among the nurses.
2. To assess the beliefs of nurses towards breast cancer and its early detection.
3. To identify some factors that affects their knowledge and beliefs regarding breast
cancer and its early detection.
Target population and study sample:-
There are 14 surgical departments in Alexandria main university hospital which
include:- Cardio thoracic surgery ,Colorectal surgery, ENT surgery, Urosurgery,
Neurosurgery, Oncology surgery, Pediatric surgery , Ophthalmology ,Gastro intestinal
surgery, Plastic surgery, Maxillofacial surgery, Vascular surgery, Hematology and
Emergency departments all of them were included in the study.
All daily working nurses in departments were included. the total sample size was
three hundred (300)..
Technical design:-
For the execution of the study:
-A structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from nurses
about:
1. Socio-demographic characteristics
2. Knowledge of nurses about breast cancer
3. Perceptions of nurses regarding breast cancer and its early detection based on
Health Belief Model
4. Factors that affect their knowledge and beliefs regarding breast cancer and its
early detection
Summary
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Results:
The results obtained in the present study could be summarized in the following
items:
1. Socio-demographic characteristics and history.
• Age of the nurses ranged from 20-59 years old with mean age of 39.2 ± 9.2 years.
More than two thirds (67%) of the study sample lies between the ages of 30-50
years old, majority ( 84.7%) of the nurses had a certificate of nursing diploma,
nearly three quarters of the sample (73.7%)were married, More than half of the
study sample (57.7%) reported sufficient income, According to working place of
nurses in the main university hospital, the neurosurgery department ranked first
(16.0%)and 70% of the study sample had working experience from 10 -30 years
2. Knowledge of nurses about breast cancer
• The results showed that (38.7%) of total sample reported fair level of knowledge,
the highest rank of poor level of nurses’ knowledge was ”breast selfexamination(
54.7%)”, followed by ”clinical breast examination(50%)”,
”mammograms(45.3%)”, while ”risk factors(29%)” and ”warning signs of breast
cancer(18%)”, ”diagnosis and treatment(9.3%)” were the lowest rank
3. Perceptions of nurses regarding breast cancer and its early detection based on
Health Belief Model.
• Concerning different constructs of the Health Beliefs Model (HBM), the majority of
the study sample got high level of perceived benefits (70.7%), followed by
perceived severity (65%), also around half of them got low level of perceived
barriers (45% ). Unfortunately, the majority of the study sample has low level of
perceived susceptibility (68%).
4. Factors that affect nurses’ knowledge and beliefs regarding breast cancer and its
early detection.
• There was no a statistically significant relation between nursing qualification and
neither total beliefs nor total knowledge score level regarding breast cancer and
early detection methods.
• The current study revealed that, there was no statistically significant relation
between nurses’ years of experience and neither their total beliefs nor total
knowledge score level regarding breast cancer and early detection methods
• Only self-efficacy found to be statistically significantly factor affecting knowledge
• Only crowding index, years of experiences, self-efficacy and age of nurses found to
be statistically significantly related with beliefs. This means that when crowding
index, years of experiences and self-efficacy increase, nurses beliefs level
increased. On the other hand, when age decreased the nurses believes also
decreased.
• Only crowding index, total knowledge score, total beliefs score found to be
statistically significantly related with self-efficacy. This means that when crowding
index decrease, self-efficacy increased. On the other hand, when total knowledge
Summary
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score and total believes score increase, self-efficacy increased, keeping all other
factors constant.
Based on the results of the present study, the following may be
recommended:
Recommendation concerning the Main Alexandria University Hospital:
Developing a health education unit: physician, qualified nurses, and one social
worker to carry out the following activities:
• Health education of nurses about breast cancer disease, risk factors, warning
signs, BSE, CBE and Mammogram/US as a different methods of breast cancer
diagnosis, treatment modalities, and how the patient live healthy with it.
• Developing educational materials concerning knowledge about breast cancer and
its early detection methods.
• Periodic evaluation and monitoring strategy for evaluation the updating
knowledge of nurses about breast cancer and its early detection methods.
• Provide psychological support for the nurses with breast cancer.
• Periodic implementation of in-service training program regarding breast cancer
and early detection methods.
Recommendation concerning Community (population at risk and general
population):
• Mass media campaigns about the breast cancer disease and its early detection
methods.
• Special attention should be given to health screening and early detection programs
of the high risk groups of breast cancer disease.
• Breast cancer should be integrated in the school curriculum of nursing schools.
• Raise government budget to support scientific research which seeks to raise the
nurse’s knowledge about breast cancer.
• Improving and strengthening the announcement of the hot line for breast cancer.