الفهرس 
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Abstract
This thesis aim to the study of pretreatment processes efficiency, for removal of iron and manganese from ground water. It makes a contribution to the knowledge in terms of literature servay, materials and methods and finally results and discussion.
The first contribution is in terms of literature survey about the following subjects :-
1- Water ( ground and surface )
2- Water pollution
3- Water Quality Assessment
4- Heavy metals pollution control approaches and comparison
5- Iron and Manganese removal from Groundwater
There is an empirical study found in the literature which hase applied combined materials and methods used in this study such as UV-Vis. This is a second/ practical contribution of this thesis. The third contribution of this study is started by the analysed of some physicochemical parametes , such as pH, turbidity,
of the water samples from the ground water sites. Turbidity exceeded the permissible limit set by WHO(2011). All other parameters were
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below the WHO permissible limits. The experiments leading to the optimization of the separation process (quality of permeate) were carried out.
The metals analysed in the ground water samples, iron and manganese, were exceeded the WHO standard limits in all samples studied. Fe was high in all the samples studied.This could be attributed to its bioavailability in the environment and its essential role in haemoglobin.
Third contribution is extended to include the summary conclution of pretreatment processes of removalof iron and manganese from ground water. These are aeration , chloronation and chemical treatment by KMnO4. The following are the main findings of this study.
1- On the aeration of samples colleted from ground water containing divalent elements such as iron and manganese and compared the concentration of their reduce forms before and after aeration process, its found the concentration of them are decreased on aeration. This means that e ability of iron and
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manganese in ground water to aeration and also noted a change in pH of groundwater samples after aeration process.
2- By chlorination of samples collected from ground water containing divalent elements such as iron and manganese and proving that chlorination is consider disinfection process more than oxidation process especially in ground water which contains high concentration of (TDS) and high concentrationiron and manganese and compared their concetration befor and after chlorination, it is showed a decrease in concentration of both of iron and manganese.
3- Chemical treatment with KMnO4 which is oxidize both soluble forms of iron and manganese in ground water samples to insoluble forms and the last forms are disposal by filtration .
4- Aeration followed by chlorination to increase the ability of oxidation of both iron and manganese in groundwater samples, gives a more higher decrease in concentration of iron
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and manganese than the single application of both aeration abd chlorination , respectively.
5- Aeration followed by chlorination and followed by Chemical treatment with KMnO4 to form three steps of treatment, these gives excellent results in reduce of the concentration of iron and manganese in ground water samples.
6- Reduction in the amount of KMnO4 used in getting rid of Manganese in ground water samples, chemical treatment of samples in the process of getting rid of manganese and iron, is the use of (KMnO4) in the oxidation of iron, manganese and convert all of them (iron and manganese) from soluble forms to insoluble forms which are easily removed by filtration. This process in some places with high concentrations of iron and manganese cost much and can not be afford, leading to lock of chemical processing units. We will repeat the same operation with the same efficiency and at lower cost through the use of physical characteristics of the material used (KMnO4) as it increases oxidative effect of (KMnO4) by raising the pH.
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7- Reduce the amount of Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) used in the disposal of manganese in the water samples by using (MnO2) generated in the reaction medium A primary use of permanganate is iron and manganese removal. Permanganate will oxidize iron and manganese to convert ferrous (2+) into the ferric (3+) state and Mn (2+) to the Mn (4+) state.
8- The MnO2 is alternative resulting from the reduction of KMnO4 in the iron and manganese removal and without external additions. The use of this MnO2 in iron and manganese removal save a lot of money and save processing units, which were closed because of the high cost of treatment. As it can be fade all KMnO4 defects and can be used continuously without extra additives and can be re-generated to ensure the continued effectiveness and quality of results.