الفهرس 
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Pre-eclampsia is a significant, multifactorial, multiorgan disease, affecting approximately 6-8% of all pregnancies worldwide after 20 weeks gestation. The term pre-eclampsia refers to a group of related hypertension disorders of pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia characterized by a triad of hypertension (systolic blood pressure >140 and diastolic blood pressure >90), proteinuria> 300mg in a 24-hours urine sample and generalized edema. The only cure for pre-eclampsia is delivery or abortion. Caesarean section rate is higher among pre-eclampstic women because they tend to deliver earlier and pre-term inductions are difficult and vaginal delivery is very stressful for an underdeveloped baby. Development in anesthesia and surgery has improved all surgical outcomes during recent decades. Regional anesthesia offers safe, effective, cheap anesthesia over general anesthesia. Each of the subarachnoid and the epidural blocks has its own advantages and disadvantages. The idea of combining these two methods seemed attractive, combined spinal epidural anesthesia (CSEA) combines the rapid onset, intensity of subarachnoid block and the flexibility of having an epidural catheter in place, which allows intraoperative extension of anesthesia and also postoperative epidural analgesia. Various techniques have been developed to reduce the spinal dose requirement with epidural injection of either saline or drugs. Injection of local anesthetic or saline into the epidural space after.