الفهرس 
Physiology of Cardiac OutputOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Perioperative cardiac output monitoring has become nearly routine for certain high-risk patients and in major surgeries, where large fluid shifts are expected. There are multiple monitoring techniques which can be used for CO monitoring. The PAC is the clinical standard for perioperative CO monitoring. Invasiveness and complications associated with PAC led to development of newer methods which are minimally or non-invasive.