الفهرس 
I. IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Cancer is the second most common killer in the world today, after cardiovascular disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 13% of all deaths worldwide are currently caused by cancer. In 2005, a 7.6 million people died of cancer out of 58 million deaths worldwide. More than 70% of all cancer deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, where the resources available for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer are limited or nonexistent. The world health organization estimates that there will be 20 million new cases and 12 million deaths from cancer alone by the year 2020.
Approximately 60% of all these new cases are expected to occur in less developed countries. In the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) of WHO, cancer is the fourth most common killer and is increasingly recognized as a major health problem.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in Egypt and worldwide.
The ”epidemic” of lung cancer mortality has been identified as a major health issue confronting both developed and developing countries. In 2000, over one million people died from lung cancer worldwide; 53% of these deaths occurred in the more developed countries, the remaining 47% in the less developed countries (Ferlay, 2000).
Overall, women accounted for just over a quarter of all lung cancer deaths. Estimates suggest that by 2030, all tobacco-related mortality, including lung cancer, will reach around 10 million deaths per year, with the greatest increase coming from the less developed countries (Jha, 2002).
IA. Lung cancer
IA.1. Epidemiology
IA.1.1. Lung cancer epidemiology worldwide:
Lung cancer is the deadliest cancer, affecting men and women of all ethnic backgrounds with an estimated 1.6 million new diagnoses and 1.4 million deaths annually worldwide (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2015b).
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An estimated 221,200 new cases of lung cancer are expected in 2015 (Table I.1: lung cancer cases and deaths – 2015 estimates (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2015b) accounting for about 13% of all cancer diagnoses. from 2007 to 2011, lung cancer incidence rates were decreased by 3.0% per year in men and by 2.2% per year in women.
Lung cancer accounts for more deaths than any other cancer in both men.