الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder in which persistent hyperglycemia occur resulting from defects of insulin secretion and/or resistance to insulin. The 2 main types of diabetes mellitus are type 1 (formerly known as insulin-dependent diabetes) and type 2 (formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes). (Rother,2007). chronic hyperglycemia and other metabolic disturbance of DM lead to long-term damage and dysfunction involving various tissues, organs and body systems (Jerry, 2009).
Diabetic complications involve the dysfunction of various organs including pancreas, kidney, liver, neurons, retina, blood vessels, bone, heart, gut, hematopoietic, and immune cells. These multiorgan abnormalities induced by diabetes result from glucotoxicity, proinflammatory cytokine production, or superoxide generation in affected organs (Fujimiya et al., 2012).
Therefore, DM is a huge and growing problem. It is the fourth or fifth cause of death in most countries. Globally in 2013, it was estimated that almost 382 million people suffer from diabetes and that number is expected to rise beyond 592 million by 2035. In 2013, Diabetes Mellitus affect nearly 7.5 million individual in Egypt with an expected increase by 2035 to be nearly 13.1 million. (IDF, 2013).
The mammalian stem cells are of 2 types: embryonic stem cells that are separated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells that are found in various adult tissues (Ulloa-Mantoya et al.,2005).
Bone marrow (BM) is a complex tissue that contains hematopoietic stem cells and a population of rare undifferentiated progenitor cells capable of differentiating into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, adipocytes myoblasts and hematopoiesis-supporting stromal cells. These cells are called mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), since they are able to proliferate and differentiate into the mesenchymal lineage (Sun et al., 2003 and Dong et al., 2008).
MSCs are adult stem cells of non-heamatopoietic origin located within the stroma of the bone marrow (Bosnakovski et al., 2005) and in almost all postnatal organs and tissues (Da Silva Meirelles et al., 2006). In organs and tissues, MSCs were found in special places referred to as ”stem cell niches”, which are local tissue microenvironments that nourish, maintain and regulate stem cells i.e., act as stem cell reservoir where MSCs remain quiescent and undefrentianted. When sever damage occurs after an injury, disease or aging, cellular signaling molecules control the chemotaxis of these cells to the affected regions, where the MSCs will replenish cells or tissue. (Bobis et al., 2006 and Docheva et al., 2007).