الفهرس 
Anatomy and function of the RetinaOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Vitrectomy is a successful method to treat retinal detachment but it has risk of recurrence especially in lower retina. This is a challenging problem as most cases of recurrent lower retinal detachment (RD) are due to proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). It is responsible for 80% percent of cases. Other factors include leaking lower retinal breaks and intrinsic retinal contraction. In absence of PVR we can manage recurrent lower RD by facedown positioning, using scleral buckle or hydraulic reattachment of retina. If there is PVR we can operate under silicon oil (SO) or after removal of SO by removing epiretinal membranes, internal limiting membrane peeling, relaxing retinotomies and retinectomy and using of heavy tambonade. Success depends on presence of PVR or not.