الفهرس 
المحتوي
الملخصOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is an incorporation of heterogeneous disturbance, which displaying with hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance due to insulin absence or/and insufficient action of insulin [1]. Diabetes can be classified according to its etiology and clinical display; there are four types of diabetes, type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, which sometimes referred to type 4 diabetes [1] and a recently discovered form, T3D mellitus, which linked to progressive brain insulin resistance with impairment of insulin signaling in CNS, neurotoxins accumulation, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration [2]. Firstly, type 1 diabetes is the major type of diabetes in younger ages, which increased in both rich and poor countries [1]. In addition, about 95% of diabetics are of T2DM that associated with insufficient utilization of insulin by target cells and tissues; this problem has been aggravated by rapid cultural and social dynamics, changes in diet, physical activities reduction and the unhealthy lifestyle. About 285 million people in 2010 on age group 20-79 were conceived to have diabetes worldwide, 70% of them in developing countries this assessment is expected to increase to 438 million by 2030 [1]. Importantly, diabetes mellitus is accounted as very expensive disease and include micro and macro-vascular complications, which diminish both life expectancy and quality of life [3]. As the function of cells in human body depending on the presence of constant energy source, glucose is easily delivered in blood as the primary source of fuel for cells [4]. The blood glucose level in the body is regulated by insulin hormone, which its action starts by binding to its specific receptor site on cell membrane and facilitates the glucose entering into respiring cells and tissues through glucose channels. Also, insulin catalyzes the glucose catabolism into pyruvate by glycolysis, up-regulation of glycogenesis and lipogenesis, while a glucagon hormone is counteractive all these metabolic processes and is secreted when glucose levels are low. The body tries to arrest hyperglycemia by drawing water out of the cells, so excess sugar is excreted in urine, which causes constant thirst and polyuria [5].