الفهرس 
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Abstract
The Nile River is the most outstanding feature in Egypt and Northeast Africa in general. It splits North Africa longitudinally to east and west lands, consequently Egypt also. The contemporary Egyptian landscape comprises four major terrestrial regions: the Sinai Peninsula separated by the Red Sea, the Nile valley and the eastern and the western deserts, which are divided by the Nile River. The Nile River arose during the late Miocene (5.7 ± 0.6 Mya) and acts as geological-vicariant barrier for terrestrial fauna (Goudie, 2005). The phylogenetic results indicate that the populations of A. boskianus in Egypt are grouped into four distinct clades: east and west of the Nile, Nile Delta and Middeterranean coastal poulations, and Sinai. The messinian crisis and colonization of A. boskianus at the Mideterranean coast resulted in A. boskianus boskianus which differed from A. boskianus asper remained in xeric zones with dry habitats. Our results indicate that the Nile River might present physical barrier that potentially have led to the vicariance separation of A. boskianus. We think that Acanthodactylus is still with problematic taxonomy.