الفهرس 
Homes are risky places for foodborne illness
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Abstract
Although the public is increasingly concerned about food-related risks, the rise in food poisoning cases suggests that people still make decisions of food consumption, food storage and food preparation that are less ideal from a health and safety perspective.
University students are tomorrow’s leaders, workers and parents. They should be thoroughly aware of the safety issues that affect the food hygiene.
Most of the work during the last few years has centered on hazard control in the production sector, but an equal effort was not dedicated to improving the food safety education of consumers.
Consequently, this work aimed to study food hygiene knowledge, attitude and practices among university students in Alexandria. To fulfill this objective, about 600 governmental and 200 private students was selected. Data was collected through interview questionnaire.
The results of the present study revealed that:
• A total of 88.6% of governmental commerce students, 79.8% of private commerce students and 63.7% of governmental pharmacy students as well as 59.8% of private pharmacy students were from Alexandria. Most of them had non-working mothers, 71% for governmental commerce, (62.7%) for private pharmacy, (61.6%) for private commerce and (55.3%) for governmental pharmacy. 54.5% of private commerce students, (49.3%) of governmental commerce students, and (47.1%) of private pharmacy students had 3-7 meals / weak.
1- Knowledge:
• Most governmental sampled students showed moderate level of overall knowledge in both pharmacy (88.8%) and commerce (80.7%). While only 9.5% of pharmacy students and 0.5% of commerce students showed high level of knowledge, with statistically significant difference between them. Differences in level of knowledge between students in pharmacy and commerce were found statistically significant in microbiological cross-contamination parameter and in time-temperature control parameter.
• Most private sampled students showed moderate level of overall knowledge in both pharmacy (91.2%) and commerce (79.8%). While no one of both colleges showed high level of knowledge, with statistically significant difference between them. Differences in level of knowledge between students in pharmacy and commercewere found statistically significant in microbiological cross-contamination parameter and in time-temperature control parameter.
• Most pharmacy sampled students showed moderate level of overall knowledge in both governmental (88.8%) and private (91.2%). While only 9.5% of governmental students and no one of private students showed high level of knowledge, with statistically significance difference between them. Differences in level of knowledge between students in governmental and privatepharmacy were found statistically significant in time-temperature control parameter.
• Most commerce sampled students showed moderate level of overall knowledge in both governmental and private commerce (80.7% and 79.8% respectively), while only 2 students of governmental commerce and no one of private commerce showed high level of knowledge, with no statistically significance difference between them.
• Regarding governmental sampled students (pharmacy and commerce), the overall mean score percentage was 65.9% for pharmacy students and 55.8% for commerce students, with statistically significant difference between them. The highest mean score percentage was found regarding cleaning and hygiene for pharmacy students (88.2%) and commerce students (85.5%).
• Regarding private sampled students (pharmacy and commerce), the overall mean score percentage was 60.9% for pharmacy students and 54.9% for commerce students, with statistically significant difference between them. The highest mean score percentage for pharmacy students was regarding waste and insect control (83.8%). While for commerce students, the highest mean score percentage was regarding cleaning and hygiene (83.1%).
• Regarding pharmacy sampled students (governmental and private), the overall mean score percentage was 65.9% for governmental students and 60.9% for private students, with significant difference between them. The highest mean score percentage for governmental students was found regarding cleaning and hygiene (88.2%). While for private students, the highest mean score percentage was found regarding waste and insect control (83.8%).
• Regarding commerce sampled students (governmental and private), the overall mean score percentage was 55.8% for governmental students and 54.9% for private students, with no significant difference between them. The highest mean score percentage was found regarding cleaning and hygiene for governmental students (85.5%) and private students (83.1%).
• There was no significant difference in level of knowledge in relation to out-home meals, residential area and working mother in all studied parameters except :
Cleaning and hygiene parameter for private commerce students in relation to frequency of out-home meals (p= 0.007).
Food preparation parameter for governmental pharmacy students in relation to residential area (p= 0.047).
Time-temperature control parameter for governmental commerce students in relation to working mother (p= 0.027).
2- Attitude:
• 53.6% of governmental pharmacy students and 38.6% of governmental commerce students showed positive overall attitude. While no one showed negative overall attitude in both pharmacy and commerce, with statistically significant difference between them.
• Most private sampled students showed indifferent overall attitude in pharmacy (76.5%) and commerce (73.6%). While only 23.5% of pharmacy students and 26.3% of commerce students showed positive overall attitude, with no statistically significant difference between them.
• 53.6% of pharmacy governmental students and 23.5% of pharmacy private students showed positive overall attitude. While no one showed negative overall attitude in both governmental and private pharmacy, with statistically significant difference between them.
• 61.4% of commerce governmental students and 73.7% of commerce private students showed indifferent overall attitude. While 38.6% of commerce governmental students and 26.3% of commerce private students showed positive overall attitude, with statistically significant difference between them.
• Regarding sampled governmental students (pharmacy and commerce), the overall mean score percentage was 78.6% for pharmacy students and 76.2% for commerce students, with significant difference between them. The highest mean score percentage was found regarding food purchasing parameter as well as, waste and insect control for both pharmacy students (90.6% and 90.5% respectively) and commerce students (88% and 88.8% respectively).
• Regarding sampled private students (pharmacy and commerce), the overall mean score percentage was 74.3% for pharmacy students and 74.6% for commerce students, with no significant difference between them. The highest mean score percentage was found regarding waste and insect control for pharmacy students (86%) and commerce students (87.1%).
• Regarding sampled pharmacy students (governmental and private), the overall mean score percentage was 78.6% for governmental students and 74.3% for private students, with significant difference between them. The highest mean score percentage was found regarding food purchasing as well as, waste and insect control for both governmental students (90.6% and 90.5%, respectively) and private students (83.1% and 86%, respectively).
• Regarding sampled commerce students (governmental and private), the overall mean score percentage was 76.2% for governmental students and 74.6% for private students, with significant difference between them. The highest mean score percentage was found regarding waste and insect control as well as, food purchasing parameter for both governmental students (88.8% and 88%, respectively) and private students (87.1% and 85.3%, respectively).
• There was no significant difference in level of attitude in relation to out-home meals, residential area and working mother in all studied parameters except :
Overall attitude level for governmental pharmacy students in relation to out-home meals (p=0.041).
Food purchasing parameter for private pharmacy students in relation to residential area (p= 0.022).
Food purchasing parameter for private commerce students in relation to residential area (p= 0.037).
3- Practice:
• Most governmental sampled students showed fair level of overall practice in both pharmacy (80.4%) and commerce (84.3%). While only 7.8% of pharmacy students and 5.7% of commerce students showed good overall practice, with no statistically significant difference between them. Differences in level of practice between students in pharmacy and commerce were found statistically significant in time- temperature control parameter.
• 76.5% of private pharmacy students and 75.8% of private commerce students showed fair level of overall practice. While 9.8% of pharmacy students and 6.1% of commerce students showed good overall practice, with no statistically significant difference between them.
• Most pharmacy sampled students showed fair level of overall practice in both governmental (80.4%) and private pharmacy (76.5%). While only 7.8% of governmental students and 9.8% of private students showed good overall practice, with no statistically significant difference between them.
• Most commerce sampled students showed fair level of overall practice in both governmental (84.3%) and private commerce (75.8%). While only 5.7% of governmental students and 6.1% of private students showed good overall practice, with no statistically significant difference between them. Differences in level of practice between students in governmental and private commerce were found statistically significant in food purchasing parameter.
• Regarding governmental sampled students (pharmacy and commerce), the overall mean score percentage was 61.7% for pharmacy students and 61.5% for commerce students, with no statistically significant difference between them. The highest mean score percentage was found regarding food purchasing parameter for pharmacy students (71.1%) and commerce students (72.2%).
• Regarding private sampled students (pharmacy and commerce), the overall mean score percentage was 63% for pharmacy students and 60.2% for commerce students, with no statistically significant difference between them. The highest mean score percentage was found regarding food purchasing parameter for pharmacy students (75.7%) and commerce students (67.5%).
• Regarding pharmacy sampled students (governmental and private), the overall mean score percentage was 61.7% for governmental students and 63% for private students, with no statistically significant difference between them. The highest mean score percentage was found regarding food purchasing parameter for governmental students (71.1%) and private students (75.7%).
• Regarding commerce sampled students (governmental and private), the overall mean score percentage was 61.5% for governmental students and 60.2% for private students, with no statistically significant difference between them. The highest mean score percentage was found regarding food purchasing parameter for governmental students (72.2%) and private students (67.5%).
• There was no significant difference in level of practice in relation to out-home meals, residential area and working mother in all studied parameters except :
Food purchasing parameter for governmental pharmacy students in relation to out-home meals (p= 0.013).
Overall practice level for governmental pharmacy students in relation to out-home meals (p= 0.034).
Time, temperature control parameter for governmental pharmacy students in relation to working mother (p= 0.006).
Cleaning and hygiene parameter for private commerce students in relation to working mother (p= 0.003).