الفهرس 
TitleOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 106 |  |  |
| | | from | 106 | | |
Abstract
In recent years, the uses of mobile phones have significantly increased.(1) According to the International Telecommunication Union (2013), there are over 6.8 billion of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) used. This rapid growth of wireless telecommunications attracted the scientific attention on the eventual biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted by mobile phones and their impact on human health. In addition, studies on the potential risks of exposure to electromagnetic fields have received a wide public attention, but their interpretation is not simple due to the various methodological difficulties.
Humans beings are continuously exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated from various electrical devices. A cellular phone is basically a radio that sends signals on waves to a base station. All of the electronic equipment that are used in our daily life creates EMFs, to which every individual is directly or indirectly exposed. The frequency of electromagnetic fields used for telecommunications is in the non-ionizing radiation part in the electromagnetic spectrum. When the full capacity of a base station is reached, that is when the number of calling people over the base station is maximum, the radiation of it is maximum.
As the radiation level of a mobile phone during a call is higher than that of a base station and the mobile phone is very close to user’s head, mobile phones get more attention from scientists. However, this may not be known by the general public. Further, it should be noted that the radiation of base stations expose people 24h a day. This situation is more important for living in close neighborhood to a base station.
Many studies reported that radiation from mobile phones absorbed by the human body turns inside to heat producing biological effects. The biological effect leads to the continuation of the existence of many damage risks caused to human and their vital organs. This findings have confirmed the report of the Australian Radiation Protection in (2005), where 70% of the waves emitted by mobile phones absorbed in the user’s head which leads to increase the speed of nerve impulses, blood pressure and heart rate, i.e., exposure to electromagnetic waves leads to an imbalance in the circulatory system, increase in blood flow and disruption in blood pressure.
The following thesis aims to study the effect of exposure to electromagnetic waves from mobile phones on some biophysical, biochemical and hematological properties in mice. The thesis consists of nine Chapters, as follows:
Chapter 1: represents the introduction where it includes notes about the mobile phone and number of mobile phones used all over the world and notes about the specific absorption rate (SAR), current basic safety limits applicable to the wireless device. The possible effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields and the various areas of scientific interest that concern with the biological effects due to the exposure to EMF emitted from mobile phones, such as the histochemical methods in order to evaluate regional brain metabolic activity, body weight, some hematological parameters, some liver enzymes, immunological biomarkers in the sera of young rats and the oxidative stress of albino rats after exposure them to the electromagnetic fields of mobile phones of GSM 900 MHz, and other effects.
Chapter 2: is the aim of the study which is coincide with the title of the thesis.
Chapter 3: basic consideration that includes the classification and types of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, the global, system Architecture, communication, constituents of global system for mobile. In addition to base station transceiver and base station controller. The chapter, also, includes description, the characteristics and the classifications of the antenna. Generations of mobile communication system, and the effects of mobile phone radiation and its base station are also included.
Chapter 4: This chapter includes the materials and methods. where two types of mobile phones were used, e.g., Archos and Nokia. A total of 50 Swiss male albino mice were used divided into a control group, and two groups to receive the Archos mobile phone radiation and two groups to receive the Nokia mobile phone radiation for two and four weeks, respectively. Detection and measurement of the mobile phone signal was performed for the two types of mobile phones used. Complete blood counts was performed in addition to some biophysical parameters of the RBCs. Biochemical procedures were performed to study the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) Concentration, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity, and Lipid peroxide (Malondialdehyde) of the brain tissue.
Chapter 5: The results of the work.
The measurements on the signals emitted from the Archos and Nokia mobile phones revealed that both the electric and the power density were higher in case of Nokia mobile and both decreases with increasing distance.
All the biophysical parameters of the RBCs, e.g, the relative viscosity, Aggregation Shape Parameter (ASP), Form Factor (FF), and the Hemolysis Degree, were increased with increasing exposure time, with more effect on using Nokia mobile phone.
The Total Antioxidant Capacity(TAC) Concentration, and the Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity were decreased, and the Malondialdehyde (MDA) was decreased with increasing exposure period indicating that the exposed animals were under oxidative stress, with the more effects with the Nokia mobile phone.
The hematological parameters suffered some changes in the Hb, MCV, and MCHC, in addition to some variations in the leucocytes counts, such as the total leucocytes counts and the lymphocytes, indicating that some hematological diseases accompanying the exposure to mobile phone radiation which is in agreement with previous reports in the literature.
Chapter 6: Discussion
Chapter 7: Conclusion
Chapter 8: Recommendations
Chapter 9: Summary.
Chapter 10 : Referenes, which are 105 references.