الفهرس 
Motivation and Objective of the ThesisOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Machine Type Communication (MTC) or Machine-To-Machine (M2M) is new communication technology whereby a large number of “intelligent devices” can autonomously communicate with each other wired or wireless and make collaborative decisions without direct human intervention. These smart devices can be computers, embedded processors, smart sensors, actuators and mobile devices.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the most important applications of M2M, which integrates various types of technologies such as, sensor technology, Micro-electro-mechanical systems, and wireless networks. It is composed of limited storage and radio capabilities sensing nodes which work together to acquire and process information from the sensing field. Its applications are often deployed under hostile environments. Once the sensors are deployed, they are left unattended, therefore battery replacement or recharging is a practically impossible mission. Hence, energy conservation represents a significant constraint in WSN. Actually, routing techniques play a vital role in overcoming energy problem and then keeping the sensing nodes alive for a longer time.
The main objective of this thesis is prolonging the lifetime of WSNs by reducing and balancing energy consumption either in Multi-hop (MH) or clustering routing protocols.
In fact, in some scenarios, it might be more energy efficient to transmit a message via MH communications over short distances instead of a single hop long distance transmission to the destination. As different from the conventional MH algorithms which select the path on criteria like shortest-path, max-residual energy or probability based, Balanced and Energy Efficient Multi-Hop routing (BEEMH) algorithm will be proposed. It makes tradeoff the number of hops, path cost, and path residual energy by trying to estimate the lower number of hops, the least cost, and the largest residual energy path between nodes.
After that, it’s important to test the validity of implementing the proposed BEEMH Algorithm in WSN routing. Thereafter, Balanced and Energy Efficient Routing Approach based on Dijkstra (BEERAD) protocol will be constructed. Moreover, Enhanced version of BEERAD (BEERAD-E) will be introduced to enhance the stability period of the network lifetime. Both are centralized protocols. Then, through paying attention to clustering techniques, Intermittent Cluster Head selection (ICHS) scheme will be suggested. It is improved version of centralized protocols. It provides the benefits of centralized protocols without resorting to losing a lot of energy during the setup phase. In ICHS, the CHs selection is performed only once at the start of each group of Rounds (GOR), not at each round. This guarantees a distributed and fixed number of pre-determined CHs at each round of the upcoming GOR period. Moreover, the energy cost of the repetitive CHs selection process is significantly eliminated.
No doubt that, in high-density WSN, it is highly desirable to avoid the redundant data sensing as much as possible, hence, in the last proposal, Location Topology Control (LTC) is used to manage the distribution/ operation of the active nodes through the sensing field. Besides the uniform distribution of active nodes, multi-layers hierarchical clustering is used as a cornerstone in our proposal. Multi-layers clustering not only reduces the required energy by the CHs to reach BS but also balancing it.