الفهرس 
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Abstract
There is an urgent and increasing global need for purification of drinking water and wastewater, given the human and environmental health concerns caused by contaminated by heavy metals (HMs) and organic pollutants. In developing countries, such as Egypt, sophisticated techniques are often not widely available, using natural low-cost local materials as sorbents is therefore an important alternative approach. Pliocene clays from Egypt have a unique physcio-chemical properties and these materials may be alternative scavengers for toxic HMs, although their potential application in wastewater treatment technology has not yet assessed because of a lack of information regarding their adsorption/regeneration characteristics. The aim of the present study was firstly to assess the potential for using Pliocene clay deposits from Egypt in inexpensive purification of industrial wastewater and irrigation water polluted with HMs. Secondly, this thesis also addresses the remediation of the sorbents contaminated with HMs, as this is a crucial step in the regeneration of the sorbents for reuse in multiple cycles of metal adsorption/desorption and/or their clean-up prior to disposal. The main objectives of the present study are: 1) To identify and characterize the different clay m