الفهرس 
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Abstract
Conclusion
* The OSCs could be isolated from the adult male albino rat olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulb with a high degree of purification.
* The OSCs could be cultured and expanded in vitro and could proliferate in culture and give a sufficient yield of cells that could be used as a cell therapy strategy for many diseases.
* Parkinsonism is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disease resulting from any cause leading to degeneration of the dopaminergic cells of substantia nigra of the midbrain.
* Rotenone is a widely used broad spectrum insecticide and pesticide that can be injected subcutaneously into the rats and then crosses the blood brain barrier to induce neurodegenerative effects including the dopaminergic cells of substantia nigra of midbrain leading to Parkinsonism.
* The OSCs could histologically restore the damaged dopaminergic cells of substantia cells damaged by rotenone in cases of Parkinsonism leading to improvement of substantia nigra and recovery of Parkinsonism.
Recommendations
1. In vitro differentiated OSCs derived from the olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulb could be used as an alternative cellular therapeutic line for treatment of Parkinsonism but it should be first tested on a larger scale and for a longer period of time.
2. Further studies are warranted to verify the use of OSCs in patients subjected to Parkinsonism.
3. Olfactory stem cells can be applied as a therapeutic line in other many CNS disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.
English summary
Parkinsonism is the second commonest neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease; it affects mainly elderly being more common in males than in females.
Parkinsonism is manifested clinically by motor and none-motor manifestations, its motor symptoms include bradykinesia, rigidity, abnormal gait and resting tremors while its none-motor symptoms are mainly in the form of psychological disturbances such as depression. Pathologically, Parkinsonism is due to degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons present in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the midbrain. This neurodegeneration is mainly of unknown etiology but exposure to neurotoxins such as insecticides and pesticides or some drugs as in cases of DIP (Drug induced Parkinsonism) has been reported to lead to development of Parkinsonism.
Rotenone is a broad spectrum and widely used insecticide and pesticide that can be easily absorbed through the skin and gastrointestinal mucosa to reach the blood, then crosses the blood brain barrier to reach the tissue of the brain leading to neurodegeneration of the dopaminergic cells of the substantia nigra pars compacta with development of Parkinsonism.
To date, there is no curative treatment for Parkinsonism and the current lines for treatment are drugs for symptomatic relief only including L-dopa that is transformed in the substantia nigra into dopamine.
Olfactory stem cells can be a new source of cell therapy used in the treatment of Parkinsonism. These cells can be isolated from olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulb with ease and expanded in culture through many generations to produce large number of stem cells. The isolation of these cells from adult tissues raises the opportunities for the development of novel cellular therapies without the ethical considerations associated with the use of embryonic stem cells.
Therefore, OSCs are an attractive source of dopaminergic precursor cells which are of special interest for tissue engineering to regenerate the damaged dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra in cases of Parkinsonism representing a promising and hopeful line for curative and permanent treatment of Parkinsonism.
The aim of this study was to isolate olfactory stem cells from olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulb of adult male albino rats and culture them in a suitable medium to allow for their regeneration and evaluation of its use as a new line for treatment of Parkinsonism.