الفهرس 
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Abstract
Styrene is one of the most important monomers produced by the chemical industry today. Styrene monomer is a basic building block of the plastics industry. Styrene undergoes polymerization to produce a wide variety of polymers and copolymers. Styrene readily polymerizes to polystyrene (PS) either thermally or with free radical initiators. Styrene monomer must be stored safely to avoid being polymerized in storage vessels, styrene polymerization inhibitor can be used in this purpose. Polystyrene has several uses, where it can be used as in packing materials, appliances, electrical consumers, and construction, medical and other purposes. Polystyrene wastes have several uses, where it can be used in production of useful hydrocarbons by microwave-metal interaction pyrolysis, producing humidity sensors, removal of turbidity and hardness from waste water. The objective of this study is to provide a technique for removal of hardness from waste water by using polystyrene sulfonated waste. The possibility of using waste polystyrene to remove the hardness of water has been investigated. Polystyrene wastes were converted into adsorbent by heterogeneous sulfonation. The factors studied on the removal efficiency of Ca and Mg salts in wastewater are , as follows, time of sulfonation reaction, temperature of reaction, concentration of sulfuric acid, agitation speed and the amount of polystyrene wastes to sulfuric acid. Consequently, Infra-red technique has been used to confirm the sulfonation. Cation exchange capacity has been determined by titration. Hard water has been prepared by dissolving Mg or Ca salts in distilled water. It was found that the manufactured polymer has a relatively insignificant ability for removing hardness from wastewater. It was found that the best removal capacity of Ca and Mg ions are either at 60°C for reaction time of 30 minutes or at 30°C when the time of the reaction is two hours. A feasibility study had been made in the last chapter.