الفهرس 
HISTORY OF VACCINATION DEVELOPMENTOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Vaccination has greatly reduced the burden of infectious diseases. Only clean water, also considered to be a basic human right, performs better. Paradoxically, a vociferous ant vaccine lobby thrives today in spite of the undeniable success of vaccination programs against formerly fearsome diseases that are now rare in developed countries (Plotkin and Plotkin, 2004).
Lack of access to quality health care and clean water and sanitation, under nutrition, and other preventable or treatable causes lead to the deaths of tens of thousands of children worldwide every day. However, new data show that there has been significant progress in child survival and immunization coverage in developing countries. Since 1990, there has been a decline in the under-5 mortality rate in every region in the world. The number of children under age 5 dying every year, mostly from preventable causes, has declined 28 percent, from 90 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 65 per 1,000 live births in 2008. It is estimated that 10,000 fewer children under age 5 died every day in 2008 than in 1990.
New estimates from UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, and the UN Population Division show that under-5 mortality has declined steadily since 1990, and that progress has accelerated this decade. In 1990, nearly 13 million children died before their fifth birthday. By 2008, that number had been cut down to 9 million.Progress in under-5 mortality has been made in every region of the world, including some of the least developed countries (Danzhen et al., 2009).
Therefore, immunization among children below 5 years has become a cornerstone in every country recently.
The current study was designed to assess and increase awareness about vaccines schedules in Al Qualaubya Governorate. The study was cross- sectional pilot study conducted upon five hundred child recruited from primary health care units were selected non- randomly by convenient sample using a questionnaire.
The age of participants were ranging from one month to 48 months, the weight centiles ranging from 25 to 97 percentiles and length or height centiles from 10 to 75 percentiles. The percentage of male participants were 55% and female participants 44.40%.
51.6 % of participants were from rural areas while 48.4% from urban areas.
In this study there was significant difference between educational levels of the fathers participating in this study 48.6% 0f fathers graduated from university, 30.4% from high school, 3.4% from preparatory school, 16.4% from primary school and 1.2% were illiterate.
The large percentage of fathers were working in professional jobs 46.4%, of them were involved in manual or UN skilled jobs the remaining jobs ranging from industrial, skilled or semiprofessional.
48.8% 0f the participants’ mothers graduated from university, while 21.8% are graduated from high school, 8.11% from primary school and 9.80% were illiterate and among the mothers, 16% worked in professional jobs while the other 84% were house wives
Most of the participants were from middle social class (78.80%), while (18.80%) are from low socioeconomic class and only (2.40%) are from high socio economic class.
Most of participants knew about vaccines from health care workers (81%) while only (19%) depended on previously known information with significant P-value (less than .001).
There was significant relationship (P-value less than 0.001) between socio economic class and cause why people didn’t give their children extra vaccines. Middle class 394 from 500 representing 91.85% of people didn’t know about extra vaccines and 46.53% of people didn’t give their children because of financial causes.
Low class 94 representing 5.62% 0f people didn’t give their child extra vaccines because they didn’t know about them while representing 51.39% of people didn’t give their child extra vaccines because of financial causes. And high social class 12 of 500 representing 2.53% of people didn’t give their children extra vaccination because they didn’t know about them and 2.08% of people didn’t give them because of financial causes as they didn’t believe in their importance.
All participants received (BCG and OPV) vaccine with 100% of them suffered from edema at the site of injection and 486 from 496 (98%) developed vaccination scar.
All participants who should receive the two months vaccines (496) received them with 2% of them suffered only from edema and tenderness at the site of injection while 97.98% suffered from fever and edema with highly significant difference ( P value <0.001).
All participants who should receive the four months vaccines (440) received them with .45% suffered from only from fever, 93.86 suffered from only edema and tenderness at the site of injection and 5.68% suffered from fever, edema and tenderness at the site of injection with highly significant difference ( P value <0.001).
All participants who should receive the six months vaccines (376) received them, with. 80 % have no complications 1.60% suffered from only fever, and 72.07% suffered from edema and tenderness at the site of injection and 26.06 suffered from fever, edema and tenderness at the site of injection with highly significant difference (P value <0.001).
All participants who should receive the nine months vaccines (286) received them, with no complications. All participants who should receive the twelve months vaccines (193) received them with 50.78% have no complications and 49.22% suffered from edema and tenderness at the site of injection.
All participants who should receive the eighteen months vaccines (112) received them with 82.14 suffered from fever, edema and tenderness at the site of injection while 17.86% have no complications.
No one received the 48 months’ vaccines old vaccines as it can be taken from four to six years old and usually they are given in campaigns
In this study no one received extra vaccines (Non obligatory vaccines) and this was mainly for two reasons either they didn‟t know about them or they didn‟t know and refused when they knew due to financial causes .from 500 participants 71.20% they had no idea about them and another 28.80% had no idea about their schedules and when they knew they refused to give them because of financial causes.
There was significant relationship (P-value less than 0.001) between socio economic class and cause why people didn’t give their children extra vaccines. Middle class 394 from 500 representing 91.85% of people didn’t know about extra vaccines and 46.53% of people didn’t give their children because even after they knew because of financial causes. Low class 94 representing 5.62% 0f people didn’t give their child extra vaccines because they didn’t know about them while representing 51.39% of people didn’t give them to their children even after they knew because of financial causes extra vaccines because of financial causes. And high social class 12 of 500 representing 2.53% of people didn’t give their children extra vaccination because they didn’t know about them and 2.08% of people didn’t give them because of financial causes as they didn’t believe in their importance.
And about satisfaction about vaccination services in this study out of 500 participants 41.40% satisfied about vaccination services while 58.60% of them aren’t satisfied as they need more information about dates and vaccination side effects.
Also in this study out of 500 of participants only 37 received, the extra MMR vaccine during campaign but it was only because the rest was below the age of administration at time of campaign.