الفهرس 
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Abstract
Disinfection process is the last and most importantstep in water and wastewater
treatment process. Due to growing population, significant numbers of waterborne disease
outbreaks (WBDOs) have been reported all over the world. This maybe contributed to the
inefficiency in inactivating all pathogens in the water treatment and distribution system by
current disinfectants.
Disinfection of drinking water is currently being carried out through physical and
chemical techniques like chlorination, ozonation, ultraviolet treatment, etc. Each of the
conventional water disinfection processes has limitations generating concerns about their
mass scale application.
Nanotechnology-enabled water and wastewater treatment promises to not only
overcome major challenges faced by existing treatment technologies, but also to provide
new treatment capabilities that could allow economic utilization of unconventional water
sources to expand the water supply.
In this work some antibacterial nanoparticles such as Ag, ZnO and CuO NPs were
prepared and characterized using UV-Vis. spectrophotometer, Transmission electron
microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
The antibacterial activity of Ag, ZnO and CuO with different concentration (100, 300 and
500µg/l) were evaluated using disc and well diffusion tests.
These nanoparticles were loaded on PAN nanofibers membrane to be used as
disinfectant membranes. The nanofibers membranes were manufactured using
electrospinning technique, then characterized usingSEM, XRD and FTIR. The
antibacterial activity of PAN nanofibers membranes loaded Ag, ZnO and CuO NPs were
studied using disc diffusion test and Growth kinetics test.
The results revealed that:
Morphological study using TEM showed that, Ag, ZnO and CuO nanoparticles they were
spherical, cubic and wire –like in shape with an average size 5.79, 10 and 11nm respectively.
The XRD patterns of the nanoparticles revealed that, the prepared NPs were
crystalline in nature.
UV-Vis spectra of the aqueous medium containing Ag ,ZnO and CuO nanopartricles
showed a peak at 430 nm, 345 nm and 340 nm respectively which confirm the NPs formation.
SEM and EDX revealed the surface topography of the NPs and the EDX data
indicated the nanoparticles were nearly stoichiometric.
FTIR spectra of Ag, ZnO and CuO nanopartricles illustrate the chemical and
structural nature of the synthesized metals and theeffect of the chemicals used in the
synthesis andthe purity and nature of the metal nanoparticles.
The antibacterial activities of the three prepared NPs revealed that the synthesized of
silver nanoparticles have antibacterial effect higher than ZnO and CuO nanoparticles.
The structural study of PAN nanofibers and PAN nanofibers loaded with Ag, ZnO
and CuO NPs using SEM showed that the nanofibers were smooth with homogeneous
distribution of the NPs in the NFs.
EDX study demonstrates the successful formation of PAN-Ag, PAN/ZnO and
PAN/Ag nanocomposites fibers.
FTIR spectra of the prepared nanofibers membranes confirmed the characteristic
functional groups of PAN in PAN NFs and PAN/ AgNPs NFs, PAN/ ZnO NFs and
PAN/CuO NFs. FTIR showed that there are no major differences between the samples in
the major peak bands.
The antibacterial activity of PAN loaded with Ag, ZnO and CuO nanoparticles aginst
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli indicated high activity of PAN loaded with
3% ZnO ,CuO nanoparticles and 0.5 % Ag nanoparticles.