الفهرس 
History of VaccinationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most useful and cost effective measures in health care, accordingly, proper routine vaccination has become an integral part of pediatric practice. Response to any vaccine may differ from some person to another. Many factors are contributing to determine magnitude and nature of vaccine or toxoid immune response such as host factors, route of administration and presence of adjuvants.
The last few years have indeed been landmark years in infectious disease research as the search continues for better and safer vaccines globally.
Vaccines are indicated either routinely, as each country has its Expanded Program of Immunization, or in special situation e.g. preterm infants, pregnant and breastfeeding women, travelers, immune-deficient children and other. Some vaccines have adverse effects which range from mild to severe ones. Taking care of precautions and avoiding contraindication of vaccines will increase their effectiveness.
There are three types of traditional vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated and subunit vaccines. Each type has advantages and disadvantages.
New and effective challenges were developed against different pathogens asfor bacterial (such as E.coli, Shigella, Cholera and C. jejuni), viral (such as HIV, EBV, CMV,HCV and Ebola virus) and parasitic (such as Malaria) agents. These vaccines candidates are still in clinical trial using animal models then humans. They designed as the old theory of vaccines (killed & inactive) and also the new ones (new technology such as Recombinant, DNA and synthetic peptide vaccine).
Moreover, we are entering an era where dermal patches, sprays and transdermal immunization will play an important role in disease management.
New combination vaccines such as hepatitis A and hepatitis B, penta or hexavalent vaccines (e.g. DTP- HBV-IPV, DTP- Hib- IPV- HBV vaccines) are proven to be safe in order to reduce requirements and minimize the number of injections required, thereby reducing distress for infants and parents.
Despite their success, vaccines become controversial issue by linking them as a cause of increase incidence of certain diseases such as autism and type I diabetes. However, recent studies show no relation in most of these diseases and vaccination.