الفهرس 
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Abstract
By the end of this work, we obtained the following conclusions:-
Photonic crystals are a suitable candidate to limit the power dissipation in solar cells, and enhancement the solar cell efficiency through the three different generations of the cell.
For the first generation solar cell, we investigate the optical properties of the PIN silicon solar cell in the presence of a planner ARC and back reflector. The ARC is designed from one-dimensional ternary photonic crystals that contain only one period. Also, the Back reflector composed of 1D binary PCs for ten periods. The results show that the designing of both the ARC and the back reflector from the 1D-PCs has a significant enhancement on the optical properties of the cell. Therefore, our design could have a distinct effect on the conversion efficiency of the cell.
Then, we investigate the optical properties of thin film silicon solar cell by using high temperature superconducting photonic crystals. The 1D PCs of HTc superconductor could have a significant effect on the improvement of the light absorption and thus the efficiency of thin film silicon solar cell could be improved. The numerical results show that, the usage of 1D dielectric high temperature superconductor PCs on the top of the cell will reduce the amount of reflected photons from the top surface of the cell, so we have a remarkable enhancement on the absorption part of the incident photons. In addition, the presence of 1D high temperature superconductor dielectric PCs instead of the back contact and the back reflector could reflect any transmitted photons from the cell to the active area of the cell for more electron hole pair generation. Wherefore, the aim of these replacements is to reduce the power dissipation in thin film silicon solar cell and it will have a remarkable enhancement on the efficiency of the cell. Therefore, the proposed structures have a significant effect on the optical properties of the thin film silicon solar cell and a significant improvement on the cell efficiency can be investigated. Finally, the inserting of high temperature superconducting photonic crystals in photovoltaic applications may be of potential use.
Finally, we investigate the optical properties of tandem solar cell by designing ARC and IRL. Thus, we use one-dimensional binary and ternary photonic crystals as ARC and IRL. In ARC we have used 〖Si〗_3 N_4 embedded between two layers of 〖Sio〗_2 to reduce the spectral reflectance and this very convenient for low-temperature regions. In addition, IRL composed of 1D PCs from two layers of ZnO: Al and μc-SiOx: H for different periods and thicknesses. In our structure, we have obtained the localization of the photons energy on the suitable cell and then reduce the losses in the energy by controlling the PBG.