الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 216 |  |  |
| | | from | 216 | | |
Abstract
Water pollution causes changes in rivers, lakes, oceans and drinking water in all over the world and it hurts human health and the aquatic environment. There are many sources of water pollution in Egypt, such as sewage and sanitation, agricultural and industrial wastes that cause changes in the water of the Nile and cause change in the physiological, biochemical and histological characteristics of aquatic organisms. Pharaonic Sea Drain is considered one of the most important drainage canals in the province of Menoufia.
Moreover, Pharaonic Sea Drain represents important geographical phenomenon in terms of its impact on the environmental and economic conditions of the regions surrounding it.
This sea in its current form represent environmentally a closed system, its beginning that was on the Damietta branch at village Kottamyyah (Bajaur center) to the north of the village of Kafr Pharaonia (Ashmun center) had been closed to turning this waterway from one branch fed by the Damietta branch to waterway intermittently, or what we can call it carving out a lake, where its water depend on what it receive from some canals Limited flowing into it and the agricultural drainage water that receive agricultural effluents with their nuances, where this sea fed by 15 canal and the Agriculture effluents, as well as sewage from several villages water which it penetrate, and which is not connected to sewage network mostly.
The pollution sources of El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain are divided into :
1-Domestic sewage: represented in sewage from Menouf and villages beside Pharaonic sea drain, direct sewage seaside of people and vehicles scavenging.
2-Industrial drainage represented in small industrial activities, some factories like cheese factory and also Menouf slurry pipe discharge directly into El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain containing harmful deposits due to washing Menouf Purification Water Company.
3-Agricultural sewage represented in discharging many forms of overlying drainage directly into El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain and
4-Wrong behaviors represented in wastes of all surrounding villages to El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain beside huge garbage dump in Menouf city.
Evident from the previous problem and its dimensions which represented in the Pharaonic sea water pollution and the difficulty of solving it by traditional methods and the need to shift thinking to non-traditional ways to maximize the role of eco-friendly fish in the sea water purification.
In this study water, samples and fish Clarias gariepinus male and female during the summer and winter during the year 2013/2014 have been collected for the experimental study.
Five sites were selected for this study from Pharaonic Sea Drain as an area contaminated sites at I, II, II, IV, V and VI which represent the River Nile (El-Kanater) as a non-polluting at the site and
The sites were as follows:
Site (I) Fesha
Site (II) Kafr Fesha
Site (III) Kafr El-Ashri
Site (IV) Menouf
Site (V) End of the drain at the dump
Site (VI) The Nile River (El-Kanater) as a non-polluted site.
The study included directions as follows: -
(1) Water analysis of the Drain of Pharaonic Sea physical and chemical water analysis.
Transparency was found to depend on the waste such as sewage and industrial and agricultural drain and it ranged between 28 & 87.43cm. The highest values recorded in winter at the station (III) and the lowest values in the summer at the station (I).
Water temperature was found that the degree of hot water depends on the air temperature and the climatic conditions of the surrounding environment. It Ranged between 27.8 and 29.2degrees Celsius (⁰c) in the summer it ranged from 16.5to 18 degrees Celsius in winter.
The electrical conductivity depends on the concentration of dissolved solids in the water it ranged from 1422 to 1866 μs/cm recorded the highest values in the winter at the station (II) and the lowest values in the summer in the station (IV)
Dissolved oxygen values ranged from 5 to7.4mg /l. The highest value recorded in the summer at the station (I) and the lowest value recorded in the station (V) in the summer.
pH of the Pharaonic sea water drain located in the alkaline side where the hydrogen ion values ranged from 8.09 to 8.8.
Major anions showed high values in the region along the most polluted regions in Pharaonic Sea Drain while the lowest values in the least polluted area and the results were as follows:
Bicarbonate values ranged from 216 to 457 (mg /l) in the summer and 210 to 388 (mg /l) in the winter.
Carbonate values ranged between14 to 22 (mg /l) in the summer and 4.8to18 (mg /L) in winter.
Chlorides values ranged from 305 to 496 (mg /l) in the summer and 297 to 364 (mg /l) in winter.
Concentration of nutrient salts relies on liquid waste and the phytoplankton communities in different locations A) Ammonia and values ranged between 292 and 471 (μg /L) in the summer and in the winter 749 to 3855 has the highest values recorded at the station (V) in the winter.
B) Nitrate values ranged from 863 to 1460 (μg /L) in the summer and values ranged from 260 to 1484 in the winter. The highest values were recorded at the station (I) in the winter.
C) Nitrite ranged from 6.3 to 5817 (μg /L) in the summer and values ranged from 11.6 to 309 μg /L in winter. The highest values were recorded at the station (V) in the summer.
D) Orthophosphate values ranged from 217 to 575 (μ g /L) in the summer and values ranged from 201 to 328 in the winter. The highest values were recorded at the station (IV) in the summer.
E) Silicate values ranged from 1.46 to 6.13 (mg /L) in the summer and values ranged from 2.8 to 5. 4 mg /L in winter. The highest values were recorded at the station (I) in the summer.
- Increase the concentrations of heavy metals in different station because of agricultural wastes and domestic, industrial effluents and heavy metals concentrations can be summarized the as follows: -
(A) Iron ion concentration ranges from 0.71 to 18.26 mg /l
(B) Manganese ion concentration ranges 0.05 to 1.6 mg /l
(C) Zinc ion concentration ranges of 0.17 to 1.6 mg /l
(D) Copper ion concentration ranges from 0.15 to 1.65 mg /l
(E) Lead ion concentration ranging from 0.03 to 0.1 mg /l
(F) Cadmium ion concentration ranging from 0.0119 to 0.125 mg /l
Hematological changes
- This study reveal that the number of red blood cells in the Clarias gariepinus fish in the Pharaonic sea Drain 1.7 to 3.5 million /cubic millimeter the lowest values has recorded in females in the winter while males recorded the highest values in the summer. Generally The average of red blood cells less in females in all groups also the average number of red blood cells is less in contaminated group than non-polluting in males and females in the summer and winter.
- Hemoglobin concentration of Clarias gariepinus fish in Pharaonic Sea Drain ranged from 7.4 to 14.2 g /dL the highest values recorded in males in the summer and the lowest recorded in females in the winter.
- This study reveals that there were significant differences between males and females in the hematocrit in all groups except in the summer in the non-contaminated group explained that the differences are not significant between male and female.
- Count of white blood cells of Clarias gariepinus in the study area ranged from 44.8 to 134.2 thousand/ cubic millimeter. The highest average was recorded in males in the summer while the lowest average also record in male, but in the winter.
- Platelet count in Clarias gariepinus in Pharaonic Sea ranged from 11 to 39 thousand/ cubic millimeter and there were no significant differences between males and females.
- Size of red blood cells in this study ranged from 114 to 248 femtoliter the lowest average has recorded in females in the winter and the highest average for males in the winter.
- The average amount of hemoglobin per RBC ranged from 33 to 63 Bikogram / cell. The lowest value was recorded in males and the highest value was recorded in females in winter.
- The average concentration of hemoglobin in the sample of known amount of blood cells ranged from 22 to 37% the lowest values has recorded in the summer in males also, the highest values recorded in the winter in females.
.
Biochemical changes
- Glucose concentration ranged from 108 to 544 milligram/deciliter. The highest value recorded in males in the winter. There were high significant differences between contaminated and non-contaminated samples.
- The percentage of urea 14 to 32 mg /dL and there were no significant differences between males and females.
- Creatinine ratio ranged from 0.3 to 0.8 mg /dL, there were significant differences between males and females in the contaminated fish in the winter.
This study reveals that there were significant differences between females and males in ALT enzyme. In addition, show that highest averages were recorded in male groups in all contaminated and control group, except in contaminated group in the summer.
from this study it was found that AST values were higher in both females and males in the contaminated area than fishes in non-contaminated in both summer and winter.
- Total protein ranged from 2.5 to 5.6 g /dL. The average values are higher in females than males in the contaminated group in both summer and winter.
- from this study it was apparent that the average cholesterol values was higher in females in all groups and cholesterol average was also higher in contaminated fish groups than control group .the average value of the contaminated fish is ranged from 186 to 658 mg /dL in the control group and ranged from 213 to 848 mg /Deciliter in contaminated Group
- Triglyceride values ranged from 51 to 201 mg /dL in contaminated group the highest values recorded in females in the winter. This study also reveals that the average values were higher in female than male in all groups.
- Total lipid values ranged from 336 to 1588 mg /dL. The lowest values recorded in males in the winter in the contaminated group. While the highest values in females in the winter in the contaminated group - Recorded values of iron in the blood greatly show highly significant decrease in contaminated samples in comparison to non-contaminated sample group except in winter female group which has non-significant increase.
Histological changes in the liver, kidney, and spleen
This study showed that there were histological changes in liver, kidney and spleen of fish Clarias gariepinus inhabiting the Pharaonic Sea comparing control samples.
Finally, recommendations were given for treatment of industrial and domestic wastes as well as agricultural effluents before their discharge into the sea to protect the Pharaonic Sea biota from damage of pollution.