الفهرس 
Cancer prevalenceOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Several million death cases due to cancer have been registered by worldwide agencies and organizations in the period between 2008 and 2012 (Jemal et al., 2011; Ferlay et al., 2015). In general, cancer treatment was primarily depending on chemotherapy, including cyclophosphamide (CTX), and radiation. Treatment of cancer by these ways is accompanied by various disadvantages such as lack of killing specificity which badly affect the normal cells (including the immune cells), high risk of cancer cells recurrence and low success rates (Liu, 2009). Cyclophosphamide, DNA alkylating agent, is a common anticancer drug widely used for the treatment of various types of malignant tumors, including breast cancer, malignant lymphoma, multiple myeloma and leukemia (Bass and Mastrangelo, 1998; Brode and Cooke, 2008; Zhao et al., 2009). However, it was found that biological activities of CTX are dose dependent, it was reported that effector T-cells necessary for induction of immune response against tumor were depleted by high dose CTX (Castano et al., 2008; Sistigu et al., 2011). In particular, CTX inhibits immune system and highly proliferative hematopoietic cells, leading to immune suppression and peripheral leucopenia (Zhao et al., 2009). Therefore, many alternative and complementary approaches, including immuno-modulatory agents and anti-tumor immune response strategies have been reported to enhance immune functions and attenuate chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression (Cassileth and Deng, 2004; Attia et al., 2008; Osman et al., 2011).