الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Hip replacement surgery is common among elderly patients. These patients have increased risk for perioperative mortality and morbidity due to additional comorbidities, such as cardiac, endocrine, renal, cerebral and respiratory diseases(161).
Epidural anaesthesia involves the use of local anaesthetics injected into the epidural space to produce a reversible loss of sensation and motor function. Epidural anaesthesia requires larger amounts of local anaesthetic than a spinal anaesthetic. Close attention to the total dose is required to avoid toxicity. Epidural anaesthesia is versatile and can be administered by a single injection or through a catheter. The use of a catheter allows the anaesthesia provider to add local anaesthetics as surgery progresses, extending duration beyond the original dose. Epidural anaesthesia can be combined with a general anaesthetic or used as the sole anaesthetic. In addition, the epidural catheter can be used for postoperative analgesia(99).
Continuous spinal anaesthesia (CSA) provides extending blockade during surgery and versatile pain management during the postoperative period via an indwelling catheter, allowing intermittent injection of local anaesthetic into the subarachnoid space. less local anaesthetic requirement, better control of anaesthesia level and lower risk of local anaesthetic toxicity were reported in the CSA technique compared with a single-dose spinal anaesthesia technique(7).
Regional anaesthesia is preferred over general anaesthesia for lower limb orthopedic surgery and spinal anaesthesia is often a choice(162).