الفهرس 
ContentsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Genetic diversity is the basis for the evolutionary potential of a species to adapt to environmental changes. The loss of genetic diversity greatly reduces the fitness of individuals and the adaptability of a species. The genus Plantago (Plantaginaceae) is a cosmopolitan consists of annual and perennial herbs and sub shrubs with a worldwide distribution. Some species are cultivated for their various medicinal and economic uses others are high feed-value pastoral species. Genetic variation in Plantago species is of prime importance and focus for the successful breeding of improved cultivars/varieties added value and durable resistance against diseases. Plantago are small, annual and perennial herbs of warm temperate, sandy provinces and are widely allocated. Three species of Plantago were selected in this study (Plantago lagopus L., Plantago major L. and Plantago squarrosa Murray) for many reasons: 1) Leaves and seeds of Plantago have been widely used in folk medicine for various purposes, including treatment of an extensive range of diseases and disorders such as respiratory complications and digestive system affections in addition to their extracts contain important metabolites and high concentrations of phenolics led to its medicinal importance . 2) Plantago major may be used for phytoremediation of environment contaminated and also had high antioxidant activity. 3) The Plantago lagopus is very important plant with strong cytotoxic and radical scavenging activities protect cells against free radical injuries in addition to inhibition of cancer cells proliferation due to presence of pro-oxidant effect of phenolic in higher concentrations. The aim of the present investigation is to demonstrate the genetic diversity within and among twelve accessions of three Plantago species collected from six governorates in Egypt (El –Beheira, Kafr El- Sheikh, Ismailia, Al-Sharqia, El-Gharbia and El-Dakahlia) based on different genetic markers as: soil analysis (physical and chemical), phytochemical analysis, cytogenetically studies (chromosome count , karyotype measurements and chromosomal abnormalities, anatomical studies, biochemical analysis via seed protein electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and molecular studies via random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Conclusion Software programs GenAlex 6.501 and POPGENE ver. 1.32 were used to measure the genetic diversity of the populations under study by calculating the number of different bands, the number of bands frequency, the number of private bands, the number of samples (N), the number of polymorphic loci (PB), the percentage of polymorphic loci (%P), the number of different allele (Ne), Shannon’s information index (SI), the expected heterozygosity (He) and the unbiased expected heterozygosity (UHe). The genetic structure (PhiPT) among species was estimated using the Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) procedure to investigate the hierarchical partitioning of genetic variation among species. The effect of spatial separation on genetic structure was tested by the Mantel test between Nei unbiased genetic distance and LnGeoD of seven populations. In conclusion, the genetic markers can be used successfully for genetic diversity estimation and population structure of Plantago species.