الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION
Effect of salicylic acidOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
A field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm, Agriculture Faculty, South Valley University at Qena Governorate, Egypt, during 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons to study the effect of salicylic acid and NPK fertilization on wheat productivity. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) using strip plot arrangement with three replications. The first variable was salicylic acid (SA) concentrations (0, 50, 100 1nd 150 ppm) which occupied horizontally. While the second variable was NPK rates which allocated vertically. Three rates of NPK were studied as follows: 1- Low rate of NPK fertilizers (75, 15 and 24 kg fed-1 of N. P and K, respectively).2- Recommended rate of NPK fertilizers (100, 30 and 36 kg fed-1 of N, P and K, respectively).3- High rate of NPK fertilizers (125, 45 and 48 kg fed-1 of N, P and K, respectively). Bread wheat (Giza 168 cv.) was sown on the 25th of November in both seasons. Sprayings of SA were done 45 and 60 days after sowing as well as the control plants were sprayed by distilled water. The NPK fertilizers was applied in the form of Ammonium nitrate (33.5% N), Calcium super phosphate (15.5% P2O5) and potassium sulphate (48%K2O) as a source of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. Calcium super phosphate (15.5% P2O5) was added during soil preparation. While, nitrogen fertilizer was applied in three equal doses before the first, second and third irrigation, respectively. Potassium sulphate (48%K2O) was added before third irrigation. The experimental soil site was fallow in the summer season. All other cultural practices were carried out as recommended for wheat crop.At harvest ten guarded stems for each experimental unit were taken and plant height (cm), spike length (cm), number of kernels spike-1 and kernels weight spike-1 were determined. 1000-kernel weight, biological, grain and straw yields were determined in plot basis. The use efficiency of N, P and K applied to wheat was judged by the quantity of grain yield produced per kg N, P and K applied (Kg Kg-1). which their results can be summarized as follows:V.1-Vegetative traits: -V.1-a-Plant height (cm):Data show that salicylic acid, NPK fertilization and their interaction had a significant effect on plant height of bread wheat cv Giza 168 in the two growing seasons. Wheat plants sprayed by 150 ppm salicylic acid produced the tallest plants as compared to the other tested salicylic concentrations and control. Also, the higher NPK fertilization level gained the tallest plant. Furthermore, the highest mean values of plant height (94.77 and 85.40 cm in the first and second seasons, respectively) were obtained from wheat plants sprayed with 150 ppm salicylic acid and fertilized with 125, 45 and 48 kg fed-1 of N, P and K, respectively.V.1-b- Spike length (cm)Data point out that salicylic acid, NPK fertilization and their interaction had a significant effect on spike length of bread wheat cv Giza 168 in the two growing seasons. Foliar spray by 150 ppm salicylic acid gained the longest spike. High NPK level surpassed the lower levels in this respect. The highest mean values of spike length (11.80 and 11.00 cm in the first and second seasons, respectively) were obtained from wheat plants sprayed by 150 ppm salicylic acid and fertilized with 125, 45 and 48 kg fed-1 of N, P and K, respectively.
V.2-Yield components traits: -V.2-a- Number of kernels spike-1:Data reveal that salicylic acid, NPK fertilization and their interaction had a significant effect on the number of kernels spike-1 in both seasons. High concentration of salicylic acid (150 ppm) gave the maximum number of kernels spike-1 as compared to the other tested concentrations while, the minimum kernels number spike-1 was recorded for control treatment (without salicylic). Here too, increasing NPK fertilization increased number of kernel spike-1. Additionally, the highest mean values of kernel number spike-1 were recorded from 150 ppm salicylic acid with high NPK fertilization rate in both seasons which gained 60.00 and 58.00 kernel spike -1 in the first and second seasons, respectively.V.2-b- Thousand kernel weight (g) Thousand- kernel weight reacted significantly to salicylic acid, NPK fertilization and their interaction in the two growing seasons. The highest mean values of 1000 kernel weight (42.50 and 36.70 g in the first and second seasons, respectively) were recorded from bread wheat plants sprayed by 150 ppm salicylic acid and fertilized by high NPK fertilization rate. V.2-c- Kernels weight spike-1(g):The kernels weight spike-1 trait was affected significantly by studied variables and their interaction in the two growing seasons. Increasing salicylic concentrations from zero to 50 or 100 or 150 ppm increased significantly kernels weight spike-1. Also, high NPK fertilization enhancement significantly weight of kernels spike-1 as compared to low levels. Moreover, the highest mean values of kernels weight spike-1 (3.00 and 2.70 g in the first and second seasons, respectively) were registered from wheat plants sprayed by 150 ppm salicylic acid and fertilized by high NPK fertilization rate.V.3- Yield traits V.3-a- Biological yield (kg fed-1): Data reveal that salicylic acid, NPK fertilization rate and their interaction had a significant influence on biological yield in both seasons. Foliar application by high salicylic acid concentration (150 ppm) gave the maximum biological yield while, the minimum biological yield was recorded from control treatment (without salicylic). Here too, the maximum biological yield was registered from high NPK level. Furthermore, sprayed wheat plants by 150 ppm salicylic acid with high NPK fertilization rate produced the maximum biological yield (6300 and 5614 kg fed-1 in the first and second seasons, respectively).V.3-b- Grain yield (kg fed-1):Data show that salicylic acid, NPK fertilization and their interaction had a significant effect on grain yield in the two growing seasons. The foliar spray by salicylic acid at 150 ppm concentration surpassed the other tested concentrations and control and gave the highest grain yield. Moreover, increasing NPK fertilization levels increased significantly grain yield fed-1. Also, the highest mean values of grain yield (2600 and 2520 kg fed-1 in the first and second seasons, respectively) were recorded from wheat plants sprayed by 150 ppm salicylic acid with high NPK fertilization rate.V.3-c- Straw yield (kg fed-1):Straw yield traits was affected significantly by the tested factors and their interaction in both seasons. Foliar application by high salicylic acid concentration (150 ppm) gave the maximum straw yield while, the minimum straw yield was recorded from control treatment (without salicylic). Here too, the maximum straw yield was registered from high NPK level. Furthermore, the highest mean values of straw yield (3700 and 3094 kg fed-1 in the first and second seasons, respectively) were obtained from wheat plants sprayed by 150 ppm salicylic acid and fertilized by high NPK rate. V.4- Use efficiency traits V.4-a- Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) {kg grain/kg nitrogen applied}:Data reveal that salicylic acid, NPK fertilization and their interaction had a significant influence on the NUE in the two growing seasons. wheat plants sprayed by high salicylic acid concentration (150 ppm) and subjected to low NPK fertilization rate produced the maximum mean values of NUE which reached 25.33 and 24.80 kg grain/kg N applied in the first and second seasons, respectively. V.4-b- Phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) {kg grain/kg P2O5 applied}:Data reveal that salicylic acid, NPK fertilization and their interaction had a significant effect on PUE in the two growing seasons. Wheat plants sprayed by high salicylic acid concentration (150 ppm) and subjected to low NPK fertilization rate gained the maximum mean values of PUE (126. 7 and 124.0 kg grain/ kg P applied in the first and second seasons, respectively). V.4-c- Potassium use efficiency (KUE) {kg grain/kg K2O applied}:Potassium use efficiency (KUE) trait was affected significantly by salicylic acid, NPK fertilization and their interaction in both seasons. Wheat plants sprayed by 150 ppm salicylic acid and fertilized by low rate of NPK fertilizers gained the highest mean values of KUE (79.17 and 77.50 kg grain/kg K applied in the first and second seasons, respectively).