الفهرس 
Mohamed Mansour AbbasOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study is a case control study that aimed at comparing the serum interleukin-6 levels in patients with bipolar disorder to those of healthy controls , study the relation between serum interleukin-6 level in patients with bipolar disorder and their clinical parameters, to compare patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls as regards memory functions in the domains of information and orientation, mental control, figural memory, visual memory span, digit span, visual paired association, visual reproduction and verbal paired association and to study the relation between serum levels of interleukin-6 and their performance in these memory domains.
This study consisted of two parts: theoretical background and practical part
A- Theoretical background:
Chapter 1:Bipolar disorder
In this chapter, an overview bipolar disorder was given, including epidemiology and etiology including biological factors (heritability, structural brain imaging, functional brain imaging, neurochemistry neuroendocrinology) , psychosocial factors followed by diagnosis of bipolar disorder, diagnostic errors, switching from unipolar to bipolar disorder, illness coarse, illness progression and co-morbidity of bipolar disorder.
Chapter 2: Memory functioning in Bipolar Disorder
In this chapter memory functioning in bipolar bisorder was discussed including introduction, neurophysiology of memory , types of memory including short term memory , its neural basis, working memory , neural basis , long term memory ,its neural basis followed by bipolar disorder and memory, therapeutic interventions of memory and Psychosocial approaches.
Chapter 3: Interleukin-6 and its Role in Bipolar Disorder
This chapter started by an introduction on interleukin-6 and its structure, as well as its role as a proinflammatory cytokine. Then, the role of IL-6 in the bipolar disorder. Finally, immunemodulationbased treatment options for bipolar disorder including anti-inflammatory treatment strategies and their possible role in prevention were discussed.
B-Practical part
Participants included in this study were 40 patients with bipolar disorder diagnosed according to the DSM-5 criteria, who were recruited from Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic, Fayoum University as well as 40 healthy controls matched in age, gender and educational levels to the patients group who were volunteers from paramedical staff of Fayoum University Hospital.
Inclusion criteria:
• Both male and female were included.
• Participants met DSM- 5 criteria for bipolar disorder.
• Participants were in the range from 18 to 50 years old.
Exclusion criteria:
• Other psychiatric disorders.
• Fulfilling criteria of drug dependence or abuse.
• History of mental retardation.
• History of any clinical disorder which affect memory (including Epilepsy and seizures, encephalitis, trauma to the skull or any central nervous system disorders).
• History of any autoimmune disorders.
• ECT administration in the past 6 months before assessment.
The aim of the work :
• To compare the level of serum interleukin-6 in patients with bipolar disorder to that of healthy controls.To study memory dysfunctions in the patients with bipolar disorder.
• To study the relation between serum level of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and memory dysfunctions in these patients with bipolar disorder.
Methods:
All patients were evaluated by physical examination, psychiatric examination by using the semi-structured interview derived from the psychiatric sheet of Fayoum Psychiatry Department(Relevant data include sociodemographic data, age at illness onset, past H/O of previous episodes, duration of illness, family history and number of hospitalizations) , Structured Clinical Interview based on DSM-IV (SCID-I) ,Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD).
Then both of Patients group and Control group were evaluated for the memory functions by Wechsler Memory Scale (brief version) and measurement of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) level.
Results:
I-Descriptive results:
• In the patients’ group the mean age was 28.1 years and that of the healthy control group was 28.3 years.
• There was no statistically significant difference between both groups as regards sexand educational level
• 30% had positive family history of bipolar disorder and 32.5% had positive history of hospitalization
• .
• The mean age at illness onset in the bipolar disorder group was (24.5±5.5) ranged between 16 and 38 years and the mean duration of illness was (3.8±3.8) ranged between 1 and 15 years.
• The mean number of previous episodes in the bipolar disorder group was (1.1±1.5) ranged between 1 and 7 episodes.
II-Comparison between the bipolar disorder during euthymia group and the healthy control group:
• In the bipolar disorder group, the mean serum IL-6 level (37.1pg/ml) was higher than the mean serum IL-6 level in the healthy control group (26.6pg/ml) with a statistically significant difference.
• The bipolar disorder group showed a poorer performance than controls in logical memory and verbal paired association memory (easy and hard) with a statistically significant differencebetween both groups with no statistically significant for other types of memory.
III-Correlations in the studied groups:
• There was no statistically significant correlation between IL6 level and sex, age of onset of bipolar disorder and family history among cases.
• There was statistically significant positive correlation between IL6 and positive family history, age, duration of illness and number of previous episodes.
• There was a statistically significant negative correlation between IL6 and education level in patients with bipolar disorder.
• There was a significant negative correlation between serum IL-6 level and information and orientation, mental control, figural memory, visual paired association, visual memory span, digit span and verbal memory in patients with bipolar disorder.
• There was no statistically significant correlation was found between serum IL-6 level and logical memory and visual reproduction memory in patients with bipolar disorder.