الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Accumulation of heavy metal in agricultural land
through traffic emission may result in soil contamination and
elevated heavy metal uptake by crops, and thus affect food
quality and safety. Therefore this study aims to :
A -The first objective was to determine the effects of traffic
pollution, dominantly presented by automobile on chemical
composition, growth characters and yield of grapevine cv.
flame seedless grown near the auto road .
B -The second objective was to study the effect of humic
acid, mono-calcium phosphate and mycorrhizal fungus on
decrease the harmful effects of different levels of lead on the
grape seedlings in two stages .
The experimental works undertaken comprised two
experiments which have been referred to as the ’Field Studies
and ’Pot Studies.
1- Field Studies: It was conducted throughout two successive
seasons of 2014 and 2015 on 6-year-old grapevine cv. Flame
Seedless in a private vineyard located near the main road ( 5
m from roadside ) on Magaga region, el-Minya governorate,
Egypt . The road, carrying more than 5.000 motor vehicles per
day. Soil, grape leaves and fruits were sampled at a distance
of 5, 50, 100 and 150 m from the roadside. This experiment
investigate the effect of traffic pollution on chemical
composition, growth characters and yield of Flame Seedless
grapevines .
2- Pot Studies : A pot experiment was carried out during
2014 – 2015 seasons . In March 2014 stem cuttings cv. Flame
Seedless were selected according to their uniformity in size
(0.3 m height) and were transplanted to pots (4 kg soil
capacity), Lead acetate at the rate of 0, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm
were added in pots. After one week from addition of lead
acetate the treatments were carried out using mono-calcium
phosphate was added to the pot soil at the concentration (
10g/kg soil ), humic acid was added to the pot soil at the
concentration (4 g/ kg soil) and mycorrhizal fungus was added
to the pot soil at the concentration ( 250 spores / kg soil ). In
the end of growth season data of growth characteristics and
chemical composition were recorded . In March,2015 Lead
concentrations increased to ( 0,500,1000 and 2000 ppm ) and
the previous treatments were replicated at the same
concentrations . The previous determinations were analyzed .
A- The results of Field Studies :
1- Effects of traffic pollution on vegetative growth
parameters of grapevine :
The results clearly indicate that all the growth parameters
were suppressed gradually with the decrease in distances from
roadside .
Number of shoots/vine : Vines grown 5m from the roadside
recorded the lowest number of shoots/vine (46.75 in the first
season and 46.58 in the second season). Meanwhile, vines
grown 150 m away from the roadside produced the highest
number of shoots per vine (58.08 and 57.92 in both seasons ,
respectively).
Shoot length: The highest values of shoot length (144.7 cm in
the first season and 143.6 cm in the second season) were
recorded for vines grown 150 m far from the motorway. The
lowest significant values of shoot length (129.3 cm in the first
season and 126.3 cm in the second season) were observed in
vines grown closer to the roadside.
Number of leaves per shoot : Vines grown 5m away from
the roadside gave the lowest significant values which were
19.33 and 18.25 leaf / shoot in the first and second season,
respectively. Vines grown 150 m from the roadside gave the
highest significant values of 30.5 and 28.67 leaves per shoot
in the first and the second respectively.
Leaf area (cm2) : Leaf area for vines grown at distance of 5
m from the highway decreased by 12.43 % in the first season
and by 11.38% in the second season comparing with leaf area
of vines grown 150 m away from the roadside.
Dry pruning weight (kg/vine) : The lowest significant in this
respect were 1.46 and 1.32 kg/ vine for vines subjected to
severe traffic pollution 5 m away from the roadside in the two
successive seasons, respectively.
2. Effect of traffic pollution on yield parameters of
grapevines:
Number of clusters per vine : There has been a gradual
increase in produced clusters per vine by growing far away
from the roadside.
Cluster weight : The heaviest cluster weight (497.5 in the 1st
season and 485.0 g in the 2nd season) was recorded for vines
grown 150 m away from the roadside. Vines grown 5 m from
the road produced the smallest cluster (326.69 and 303.25 g )
in both seasons, respectively.
Yield (kg/ vine): Yield of vines grown 5 m from the roadside
decreased by 45.83 and 58.98 % compared to yield of vines
grown at 150 m from the roadside in 2014 and 2015 seasons,
respectively.
3- Effect of traffic pollution on fruit quality parameters of
grapevines:
Total soluble solids :In the first season, the highest value of
TSS (18.09%) were recorded for vines grown 5 m away from
the road followed by vines grown 50 m from the road then
decreased up to 15.81% of berries grown 150 m from the
roadside .The same trend was detected in the second season.
Berry Acidity percentage (TA%) : The least berry acidity
(0.53% in the 1st season and 0.51% in the 2nd season) was
recorded for vines grown 5 m away from the road then it
increased gradually to reach the maximum values in berries
from vines grown 150 m from the roadside.
4. Effect of traffic pollution on lead content in vineyard
soil, plant leaves and berries grapevines as affected by
traffic pollution:
Soil lead content : There were statistically significant
differences between the distances in respect of the soil Pb
concentration. Lead contents of the soil near to roadside (5- 50
m) were considerably higher than samples taken farther away
from the road side (≥ 100 m) .
Grape leaves lead content: Lead content in washed leaves of
vines grown 150 m away from the roadside was 5.44 and 6.27
ppm during the 1st and the 2nd season, respectively, while the
Pb content of washed leaves of vines grown 5 m from the road
were 10.03, 12.02 ppm during the 1st and the 2nd season,
respectively.
Berry lead content: The obtained results revealed that vines
grown at the distance of 150 m from the motorway gave the
lowest significant values (4.21 and 4.23 ppm) followed by
berries of vines grown 100 m from the highway (8.54 and 8.66
) ppm in the first and second seasons, respectively.
5- Effect of traffic pollution on leaf biochemical
parameters of grapevine : Total carbohydrates: The highest
significant values were 17.14% in 2014 and 16.96% in 2015
for vines grown 150 m from the roadside. Also, the lowest
significant values(16.35% in the first season and 16.29% in the
second season ) were observed in vines grown 5 m away from
the road.
Total protein: The average total protein values were 8.07,
8.29, 8.55 and 8.78 g/100g dry weight for vines grown at 5,
50, 100, and 150 m apart from the roadside, respectively in the
first season, while they were 7.80, 8.05, 8.25 and 8.40 g/100g
dry weight in the second season, respectively.
Free proline : The highest significant values of free proline
were 78.50 mg/100g in first season and 80.32 mg/100g in the
second season for vines grown 5 m away from the roadside.
While, vines grown 150 m apart from the road recorded the
lowest significant values in this respect.
6- Effect of traffic pollution on leaf NPK content of
grapevines : In general values of some nutrients (nitrogen,
phosphors and potassium) increased significantly by increased
the distance from roadside.
7- Effect of traffic pollution on membrane stability index
(MSI%) and chlorophyll fluorescence of grapevines:
Membrane Stability Index ( MSI % ) :Vines grown at 5m
apart from the roadside had the lowest significant value of
MSI (46.73% in the first season and 45.72 %in the second
season).
Chlorophyll Fluorescence : It could be noticed that traffic
pollution resulted in a negative effect on photosynthesis.
8 - Effect of traffic pollution on the average rate of dust fall
on grapevine leaves : It can be seen that the average of
weight of grape leaf dust tend to decreased as we move away
from road and increased in samples near the road.
B –The Results of Pot Experiment :
1-Effects of Humic acid (HA), Mono Calcium Phosphate
(MCP) and Mycorrhizae fungi (AM) on vegetative growth
of grape seedlings grown in lead- polluted soil :
Plant height: Incorporating any of soil remediation agents i.e
humic acid, mono calcium phosphate or mycorrhizae fungi had
a positive effect on plant height of grape seedlings grown in
lead- polluted soil compared with untreated plants.
Leaves number per plant : Under the same level of soil
pollution, addition of any of soil remediation agents
significantly increased number of leaves per plant when
compared to non remediated plants and no significant
differences were recorded between humic acid, mono calcium
phosphate or mycorrhizae in terms of their effects on number
of produced leaves.
Leaf area (cm2 ) : Addition of soil remediation agents, humic
acid, mono calcium phosphate or mycorrhizae fungi had an
increase effect on leaf area of grape seedlings grown in leadpolluted
soil compared with untreated plants.
Plant dry weight (g) : There is a positive effects of addition
of Humic acid (HA), Mono Calcium Phosphate (MCP) and
Mycorrhizae fungi (AM) to lead polluted soil on plant dry
weight (g) compared with untreated plants.
2-Effects of Humic acid (HA), Mono Calcium Phosphate
(MCP) and Mycorrhizae fungi (AM) on leaf lead content of
grape seedlings grown in lead- polluted soil:
In the first season, at the lead soil pollution rate of 250
ppm, results showed that concentration of Pb in grape seedling
leaves was reduced by 25, 21.63 and 20.25 % due to
application of mono-calcium phosphate, humic acid and
Mycorrhizae fungi, respectively compared to control. While at
the Pb soil pollution rate of 1000 ppm, results showed that
concentration of Pb in grape seedling leaves was reduced by
29.49, 23.36 and 22.25 % due to application of mono-calcium
phosphate, humic acid and Mycorrhizae fungi, respectively
compared to the non remediated control. This trend was
detected in the second season. It is clear that contents of leaf
lead (Pb) was lowered by phosphate treatment than in those
from other treatments.
3. Effects of Humic acid (HA), Mono Calcium Phosphate
(MCP) and Mycorrhizae fungi (AM) on leaf biochemical
composition of grape seedlings grown in lead- polluted soil:
Total carbohydrates : Under the same level of soil pollution,
addition of humic acid or mycorrhizae significantly increased
leaf carbohydrates when compared to non remediated plants.
Mono calcium phosphate tends to improve leaf carbohydrates
content more than humic acid or mycorrhizae.
Leaf total protein (% ) : Soil addition of any soil remediation
agents i.e humic acid, mono calcium phosphate or mycorrhizae
increased leaf protein content of grape seedlings grown in
lead- polluted soil compared with untreated plants. Their soil
application significantly increased leaf protein content of
seedlings grown in lead- polluted soil at any of the tested Pb
concentrations compared to the non remediated treatments.
Leaf proline content (mg/ 100 g) : Marked reductions in
proline concentrations were achieved by mono-calcium
phosphate treatment followed by humic acid and mycorrhizae
fungi treatments. The findings showed that treated with monocalcium
phosphate show less stress indices under soil Pb
pollution.
4- Effects of Humic acid (HA), Mono Calcium
Phosphate(MCP) and Mycorrhizae fungi (AM) on
chlorophyll fluorescence and membrane stability index
(MSI) of grape seedlings grown in lead- polluted soil :
The results show that the mono calcium phosphate, humic
acid, and mycorrhizae fungi remediation agents were found to
increase the percents of chlorophyll fluorescence and MSI
when compared to plants grown in un-remediated
contaminated soil under all levels of lead pollution .
Its clearly that the application of mono-calcium
phosphate ( 10 g / kg soil) , humic acid ( 4g/kg soil ) and
mycorrhizae fungi ( 250 spores/ kg soil ) treatments can be
applied for reducing leaf lead content and increasing the
growth of grape seedlings . It is clearly that contents of leaf
lead was lower by phosphate treatment than in those from
other treatments . Such strategies may help ameliorate the
pollution of on soil by heavy metals .