الفهرس 
الفصل الأول: الإطار المنهجي للدراسةيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
The important role played by media in modern times, especially in developing countries, has resulted in an increasing academic interest in investigating the relationship between mass communication and development. The relationship is an organic, interactive overlapping one that is by no means random or arbitrary; it is a relationship that has an objective basis and a scientific, comprehensive view of man and his activities, as well as his material and spiritual needs. There is no doubt that mass communication can play more than one role in bringing about development, the most important of which is stressing the value of the humanness of mankind, simply because they are not only targeted by development but they are also the driving force of development, hence the important role of journalism. Journalism is no longer merely a source of opinions and information, nor is it just a means of interpreting such opinions and information; it actually has come to take an essential part in tackling development issues and questions, due to its ability to shape and unify public opinion and formulate the agendas of the public’s interests. One of the main genres in journalism is the article which, along with other genres, aims to fulfill a number of the goals of journalism. Its role is most manifest in the interpretive and explanatory function of journalism, as well as in contributing to changing people’s attitudes and helping them shape opinions concerning different political, economic, social and cultural issues. This makes the article an important means of educating, guiding and acculturing readers.
. Objectives of the Study:
The main objective of the study is investigating the ways opinion material in Egyptian newspapers have treated development issues after the 30thJune Revolution. This is achieved via highlighting the way development issues are classified in opinion material, and shedding light on the techniques employed in this material as well as the type of journalistic treatment, its styles, trends, objectives, frames of reference, persuasion and
demonstration methods and strategies.
. Problem of the Study:
The problem that the study seeks to treat is bringing into focus the role played by opinion material in Egyptian newspapers in dealing with development issues, via investigating the frame of reference of the journalistic content of the newspapers in question. The problem can be formulated as the following research question:
How did the opinion material published in Al-Ahram, Al-Wafd and Al-Masry Al-Youm treat development issues after the 30th June Revolution?
. Research Questions:
. How are the development issues treated by the opinion material in the aforementioned newspapers classified?
. What are the types of the development issues treated by the opinion material in the aforementioned newspapers?
. What editing techniques are used in treating development issues in opinion material in the aforementioned newspapers?
. What are the objectives of the opinion material that treated development issues in the aforementioned newspapers?
. What kind of treatment is used in dealing with development issues in the opinion material in the aforementioned newspapers?
. What is the attitude adopted by the opinion material in the aforementioned newspaper in treating development issues?
. What are the frames of reference that opinion material treating development issues in the aforementioned issues depend upon?
. What are the pathways of persuasion and demonstration that opinion material treating development issues in the aforementioned issues depend upon?
What are the strategies that opinion material treating development issues in the aforementioned issues depend upon?
. Theory of the Study: The study employs the theory of social responsibility and the development theory.
. Study Type and Methodology: The study is a descriptive study that uses survey methodology.
. Study Community, Sample and Tools:
The study community is Egyptian newspapers – namely , Al-Ahram ( a state newspaper), Al-Wafd (a party newspaper) and Al-Masry Alyoum ( a private newspaper).1-A sample of opinion material (i.e. editorials, caricature, columns, letters to the editor, etc.) from the aforementioned newspapers was chosen via making a comprehensive inventory. The sample consists of all the issues of the three newspapers between 30-6-2014 and 30-6-2015. This makes 480 issues (Al-Ahram: 180 issues, Al-Wafd 140 issues and Al-Masry –youm 160 issues). Opinion material in all of them amounted to 1844.
. Time criteria for choosing the sample: The year between 30th June 2014 and 30th June 2015 was chosen on account of its being the second year for president Al-Sissi in office, as the current researcher was interested in investigating the treatment of the reforms undertaken by the president, on the national and international level, in this period.
. Study Instrument: The study employed content analysis, which was applied, both quantitatively and qualitatively, on 480 issues of the aforementioned newspapers.
. General Findings of the Study:
. Of all writing genres, the analytical article came first as far as the issues in question are concerned, with a percentage of 44% (politically 42.5%, economically46.3%, socially38.6% and culturally53.7%).
. The issues pertaining to political development came first as
far as development issues are concerned, with a percentage of35%. Issues pertaining to fighting corruption came first as far as issues of political development are concerned (29.6%).
. Big development programmes, tourism and monuments came on top of the economic issues of interest to the newspapers in question (14.9%).
. Social development of the poor and related programmes came on top of the social issues of interest to the newspapers in question (26.5%).
. The importance of updating religious discourse came first as far as cultural issues are concerned (with a percentage of 44.2%).
.Explanation and interpretation was found to be the main objective of the material in question, with a percentage of 31.7% (Politically:31.6%, economically 30.2%,socially 24.5% and culturally 47%).
. The percentage of objectivity in the material in question was 48.6% (politically 43.4%, economically 49.4%, socially 56.7% and culturally 45.3%.
. Positivity in treating the material in question amounted to 61.4%( politically 62.4%, economically 96.3%, socially 64.3% and culturally 75.8%.
. The frame of reference utilized by the newspapers in question was based on observation of reality ( with a percentage of 35.7%. Politically 36.4%, economically34% socially 42.1% and culturally 25.3%.
. In pathways of persuasion and demonstration, the material in question mainly depended upon a single viewpoint (49%. Politically 49%, economically39.8%, socially 46.3% and culturally50.9%).
. The strategy most used in treating the issues in question was the rational article that depends upon realistic development of events (percentage: 66.5%. Politically 62.4%, economically69.3%, socially 46.3% and culturally 75.8%.