الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present work was designed to investigate the fungal
endophytes of some Egyptian plants irrigated with industrial
waste water as a new biosorbent of cadmium, copper and lead.
The study included the following items:
1- Collecting samples of industrial waste water effluents from a
certain factories.
2- Analysis of these industrial waste water samples to determine
the type of metal ions.
3- selecting of some plants grow in contaminated area, which
irrigated by industrial waste water.
4- Isolation of some fungal endophytes of these plants.
5- Determination of cadmium, copper and lead tolerance of
endophytic fungi.
6- Screening the uptake capacities of various selected metal ions
by these endophytic fungi from industrial waste water.
7- Determination the biosorption of the selected metal ions after
the treatment.
8- Identification of the selected fungal endophytes.
9- IR measurements.
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Summary
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
1- Different industrial waste water samples were collected from
different companies of different industries in Egypt such as
food (Green Land Co., Halwany Co. and Bisco Misr Co.),
painting(Sipes Co.), pharmaceuticals (Gedco Co.) , service
(Cairo International Air Port Co., central and middle
workshop) and water valves industries (Jacop Delafon Co.)
which are drained on sewage waste water as well as
packing materials (Misr pack Co.), (Infit, International Co
for casting & fitting Co.) and cartoons and inks industries
(El-Baddar Co.) that drained on underground water were
contain different harmful concentrations of copper,
cadmium and lead. These water samples proved to be the
best source for cadmium, copper and lead ions.
2- All selected biosorbent plants were collected from garden of
fruits in industrial region located at Gisr El Suez area
irrigated by the industrial wastewater of (El-Baddar Co.)
factory. The highest number of endophytic fungal isolates
were recorded from Rhamnus sp. (Monacrosporium
elegans, Penicillium duclauxi and Curvularia lunata). And
from Saccharum sp. (Rhizopus oryzea, Aspergillus
luchuensis and Aspergillus tubingensis) followed by Morus
alba (Drechslera hawaiiensis and Verticillium Fungicola),
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Summary
Morus rubra (Penicillium lilacinum) and Ricinus communis
(Pestalotiopsis clavispora).
3- All endophytic fungal strains under study showed cadmium,
copper and lead tolerance with varying level as evident by
the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of
these metals.
As noticed by the highest MIC reported for isolated strains; it
was Curvularia lunata and Penicillium lilacinum toward
copper, Monacrosporium elegans and Rhizopus oryzea
toward cadmium with Penicillium lilacinum and
Drechslera hawaiiensis toward lead. Data supported
Penicillium lilacinum as potent multi-metal resisted fungus.
4- The biomass of the endophytic Rhizopus oryzea,
Monacrosporium elegans, Penicillium duclauxi,
Aspergillus luchuensis and Penicillium lilacinum supported
the highest uptake of cadmium. The biomass of the
endophytic fungi Penicillium lilacinum, Drechslera
hawaiiensis and Pestalotiopsis clavispora were the best in
copper uptake. On the other hand, Drechslera hawaiiensis,
Penicillium lilacinum, Monacrosporium elegans and
Penicillium duclluxi supported the highest uptake of lead.
Due to Penicillium lilacinum and Drechslera hawaiiensis
exhibited the highest removal of copper and lead with good
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Summary
removal of cadmium they were selected for further studies
as the most promising biosorbent strains.
5- Two isotherm equations have been tested in the present
study, namely Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The
Langmuir and Freundlich constants have been calculated
from the corresponding plots for biosorption of Cd ions ,
Cu ions and Pb ions ions on the biosorbents (Penicillium
lilacinum and Drechslera hawaiiensis). The Langmuir
model was able to describe the experimental equilibrium
data for biosorption of Cu ions , Cd ions and Pb ions ions
on fungal biomass Penicillium lilacinum and Drechslera
hawaiiensis under given experimental conditions (biomass
weight equal to 30 mg, pH 2 and 3 hrs contact time ). The
values of KF in Freundlich isotherm model for Cu ions , Cd
ions and Pb ions ions by Penicillium lilacinum and
Drechslera hawaiiensis were determined. Data shows the
highest value of n (The other Freundlich constant) in the
case of Pb ions , which indicating that lead metal ion is
favorably adsorbed by the biosorbents than Cd ions or Cu
ions .
6- Removal and uptake of cadmium by Drechslera hawaiiensis
and Penicillium lilacinum was studied in batch experiments
at varying pH values ranging from pH 2 to 8.
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Summary
a) Acidic pH below 4 was not fit for Cd ions removal by
Drechslera hawaiiensis. There was a correlation
between the pH and the time of biosorption process, PH
4.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 exhibited 100 % removal of Cd
ions after process time of 1440, 120, 120 and 10 min,
respectively.
b) Acidic pH below 4 was not fit for Cd ions removal by
Penicillium lilacinum. pH 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 exhibited
100 % removal of Cd ions after process time of 180, 30
and 30 min. Data clearly indicated that alkali pH (8) is
favorable for Cd ions removal by Penicillium lilacinum
so in this study we supported alkali pH for the best
removal of cadmium by Penicillium lilacinum.
7) Removal and uptake of copper by Drechslera hawaiiensis and
Penicillium lilacinum was studied in batch experiments at
varying pH values ranging from pH 2 to 8.
a) Removal of Cu ions by Drechslera hawaiiensis was
increased with increasing pH. pH 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 7.0
exhibited 100 % removal of Cu ions after process time of
1440, 1440, 180 and 180 min. Data clearly indicated that
neutral pH (7) is favorable for Cu ions removal by
Drechslera hawaiiensis so in this study we supported
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Summary
neutral pH for the best removal of Copper by Drechslera
hawaiiensis at the shortest time.
b) Penicillium lilacinum exhibited 100 % removal of Cu ions
at pH 6 after 120 min of treatment. There was a
correlation between the pH and the time of biosorption
process need for 100 % removal. PH 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0
exhibited 100 % removal of Cu ions after process time of
120, 120 and 120 min. Data clearly indicated that pH (6)
is favorable for Cu ions removal by Penicillium
lilacinum.
8) Removal and uptake of lead by Drechslera hawaiiensis and
Penicillium lilacinum was studied in batch experiments at
varying pH values ranging from pH 2 to 8.
a) Acidic pH below 4 was not fit for Pb ions removal by
Drechslera hawaiiensis. pH 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 7.0
exhibited 100 % removal of Pb ions after process time
of 1440, 1440, 180 and 180 min. Data clearly indicated
that neutral pH (7) is favorable for Pb ions removal by
Drechslera hawaiiensis so in this study we supported
neutral pH for the best removal of lead by Drechslera
hawaiiensis at the shortest time .
b) Penicillium lilacinum exhibited 100 % removal of Pb
ions at pH 6 after 120 min of treatment. There was a
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Summary
correlation between the pH and the time of biosorption
process. PH 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 exhibited 100 % removal
of Pb ions after process time of 120, 120 and 120 min.
Data clearly indicated that pH (6) is favorable for Pb
ions removal by Penicillium lilacinum.
9- The effect of different cadmium ion concentrations versus
different contact time by Penicillium lilacinum and
Drechslera hawaiiensis was investigated.
a) Drechslera hawaiiensis is a potent biosorbent for cadmium
metal ion from aqueous solution at its lower and higher
concentrations under study of cadmium. The equilibrium
time was detected to be 10 min with 30mg/L and 180 min
with 50, 70 and 90 mg/L to achieve 100% removal but it
was 1440 min contact time to totally removal of 110 mg/L
of cadmium from aqueous solution.
b) The total removal of 10, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110 mg/L of
cadmium by Penicillium lilacinum was achieved after 1440
min contact time.
So Drechslera hawaiiensis exhibited faster complete removal
of cadmium with the shortest equilibrium time than Penicillium
lilacinum.
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Summary
Increasing cadmium ion concentrations resulted in an increase
in cadmium removal and uptake per unit dry weight of biomass.
10- The effect of different copper ion concentrations versus
different contact time by Penicillium lilacinum and
Drechslera hawaiiensis was investigated.
a) The equilibrium time was equal to 30, 30, 30 and 120 min
for 100 % removal of 50, 70, 90 and 110 mg/L of copper
from the aqueous by Drechslera hawaiiensis.
b) The total removal of 10, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110 mg/L
copper was achieved by Penicillium lilacinum after 120,
180, 180, 120, 120 and 60 min contact time, respectively.
11- The effect of different lead ion concentrations versus
different contact time by Penicillium lilacinum and
Drechslera hawaiiensis was investigated.
a) Drechslera hawaiiensis showed 100 % removal after 120
min contact time. The equilibrium time is detected at 10
min with 30 mg/L of lead but it was equal to 30, 30, 30 and
120 min for 100 % removal of 50, 70, 90 and 110 mg/L of
lead from the aqueous solutions.
b) Penicillium lilacinum is a potent biosorbent for lead metal
ion from aqueous solution at its lower and higher
concentrations under study, the total removal of 10, 30, 50,
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Summary
70, 90 and 110 mg/L lead was achieved after 120, 180, 180,
120, 120 and 60 min contact time, respectively.
12-The effect of different biomass concentration of Penicillium
lilacinum and Drechslera hawaiiensis versus different
contact time was investigated.
a) The contact time was equal to 1440 min for 100 % removal
of 2.86 mg/L of cadmium by using 50, 70, and 90 mg of
fungal biomass of Drechslera hawaiiensis from the
aqueous solutions.
The total removal of 1.97 mg/L of cadmium was achieved
after 30 min contact time by using 10 mg of biomass of
Penicillium lilacinum.
These data clearly indicated that both strains under the present
study are potent biosorbents for cadmium but Drechslera
hawaiiensis exhibited more powerful toward cadmium than
Penicillium lilacinum.
b) Drechslera hawaiiensis showed 100 % removal of 6 mg/L
of copper after 1440 min contact time and this is considered
the equilibrium time. The contact time was equal to 10 min
for 100 % removal of 6 mg/L of copper by using 50, 70,
and 90 mg of fungal biomass of Drechslera hawaiiensis
from the aqueous solutions.
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Summary
The total removal of 6 mg/L of copper was achieved after
1440 min contact time by using 5 mg of biomass of
Penicillium lilacinum.
c) Drechslera hawaiiensis showed 100 % removal of 5 mg/L
of lead after 180 min contact time and this is considered the
equilibrium time. The contact time was equal to 120 min
for 100 % removal of 5 mg/L of lead by using 30 mg of
biomass. The contact time was equal to 10 min for 100 %
removal of 5 mg/L of lead by using 50, 70, 90 and 110mg
of fungal biomass of Drechslera hawaiiensis from the
aqueous solutions.
The total removal of 5 mg/L of lead was achieved after 180
min contact time by using 10 mg of biomass of Penicillium
lilacinum.
13- Adsorption of heavy metals Cu ions , Cd ions and Pb ions
from real industrial wastewater, the results could be
summarized as follows:
a) The maximum biosorption capacity of Cu ions by dead
biomass of Drechslera hawaiiensis was 100 % while
under the same conditions the bioaccumulation capacity
of Cu ions by active biomass of the strain was 98 %. On
the other hand the dead biomass of Drechslera
hawaiiensis exhibited 100 % removal of Cu ions at pH
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Summary
7.0 compared to 98 % removal of Cu ions at the same
condition by living cells of Drechslera hawaiiensis.
The biosorption removal capacities of Cd ions from real
industrial wastewater by using live and dead fungal biomass of
Drechslera hawaiiensis were 94.7% and 100 %, respectively.
dead Drechslera hawaiiensis was observed to remove 98.9, 99.6
and 99.5% of Pb ions from the real industrial waste water within
3 hrs at pH 4, 6 and 7, respectively, compared to 99, 99.26 and
99.26 % removal of Pb ions by alive Drechslera hawaiiensis at
pH 4, 6 and 7 under the same conditions.
b) The maximum biosorption capacity of Cu ions by dead
biomass of Penicillium lilacinum was 94.74% at pH 7.0
while under the same conditions the bioaccumulation
capacity of Cu ions by active biomass of the strain was
94.43%. The maximum removal capacities of Cd ions ions
from real industrial wastewater by using live and dead
fungal biomass of Penicillium lilacinum was 93.42% at pH
6.0 and 7.0.
dead Penicillium lilacinum was observed to remove 100% of
Pb ions from the real industrial waste water within 3 hrs at pH 4,
6 and 7 compared to 99.07 and 100 % removal of Pb ions by
alive Penicillium lilacinum at pH 4, 6 and 7 under the same
conditions.
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Summary
14- IR measurements, results could be summarized as follows:
a) IR spectrum data of Drechslera hawaiiensis after the
removal of cadmium refers to typical of C – N group, amid
N – H linkage, ether or ester C – O bond, aromatic
structure, methoxyl group, C=C double bond, N – H group,
primary amine and / or several O – H groups, quinines and
double bond.
b) IR spectrum data of Penicillium lilacinum after the removal
of cadmium refer to C– N group, aromatic fingerprint, OH
or NH stretching vibration bonds, C=C double bonds and
primary amine and / or several hydroxyl groups.
c) After the removal of copper IR spectrum data of
Drechslera hawaiiensis suggested the presence of benzene
ring, C – N group, aromatic system, C=C double bond,
primary amine and / or several O – H groups and O – H or
NH2 groups.
d) IR spectrum data of Penicillium lilacinum after the removal
of copper characteristic to C−N group, aromatic proton,
NO2 group, C=O and double bond, C−H stretching of an
aliphatic system, OH group and N−H.
e) IR spectrum data of Drechslera hawaiiensis after the
removal of lead representing the presence of active groups
(O –H, C – O, C– N), benzene ring, aromatic fingerprint, C
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Summary
– N group, C – O group, possibly form ether or ester
system, C=C double bond. , OH, aromatic structure and
methoxyl groups, OH or NH stretching vibration bonds and
OH or NH2 groups.
f) IR spectrum data of Penicillium lilacinum suggested to C –
N group, carbonyl amid group , primary amine and / or
several OH groups, presence of carboxylic system
containing mostly aliphatic and aromatic C – H stretching
bands as well as probably some acidic groups (OH and / or
NH), benzene ring, C – H group and OH or NH stretching
vibration bonds