الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Natural convection in square enclosures or cavity are encountered in many engineering applications such as electronic chip cooling systems, buildings thermal insulation systems, nuclear reactor systems,built-in-storage solar collectors,the industry of food storage and the geophysical fluid mechanics. Research and development activities are being carried out to improve the heat transport properties of fluids. Nanofluids are colloidal suspensions of nano-sized solid particles in a liquid. Recently conducted experiments have indicated that nanofluids tend to have substantially higher thermal conductivity than the base fluids. Natural convection in a square cavity filled withwater-Al2O3 nanofluidis studied numerically. Upper,lower,and left surfaces are being in sulated,right wall is at low temperature, while two heats our cesvertically attached to the horizontal walls of acavity are kepta thigh temperature. A uniform magnetic field is applied in a horizontal direction,steady state laminar regime isassumed. The conservation equations of mass,momentum,and energy a resolved using Finite Volume Method. The numerical results are reported for the effect of Rayleigh Number, solid volume fraction, and Hartmann Number on the streamlines, and Isotherms. In addition, the predicted results for average Nusselt are presented for various parametric conditions. This study is presented in the following ranges,Rayleigh number from 103 to 105,Hartmann number from 0 to 60, and Solid Volume Fraction from 0 to 0.06, while the Prandtl number represents water is kept constant at 6.2. The results show that heat transfer rate decreases with the rise of Hartmann number and increases with the rise of Rayleigh number, and volume fraction. Moreover, results show that heat sources position, length and quantity have great effect on heat transfer rate. In addition, water-Cu nanofluid enhances the heat transfer better than water-Al2O3,water-CuO and water TiO2 nanofluid.