الفهرس 
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Abstract
The copper intrauterine contraceptive device is a very common
method of contraception used world wide, which has been used by over
than 100 millions women in the world, and is considered the second
reliable method of conraception after oral hormonal contra-ceptives. The
efficacy of modern lUCDs in actual use is superior to that of oral
contraception. The first IUCD was introduced by Richter in 1909, since
then many types of IUCDs were introduced.
The modern IUCDs contain copper and this group is represented by
the TCu380, TCu-220, Nova-T and the Multiload-375. IUCDs use lead to
increase menstrual blood loss. In developing countries with women who are already depleted in body iron stores may prove to be deleterious to their health. Bleeding with lUCDs is considered iatrogenic dys-functional uterine bleeding. The bleeding associated with IUCD use may eitheroccur during menstruation (heavy or prolonged) or in the form of intermenstrual bleeding and spotting.