الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION AND AIM OF THE STUDYOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus is a major endocrine disorder, affecting approximately 5% of the world’s population, result in overproduction of free radicals.
Abnormally high levels of free radicals cause membrane damage due to peroxidation of membrane lipids and protein glycation and the simultaneous decline of antioxidant defense mechanisms leads to cell and tissue damage. (167,168)
Pancreatic β-cells are particularly susceptible to the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributes to the development and progression of diabetes and its complications.
Several herbs where found to have antidiabetic and/or antihyperlipidemic effects such as Olive leave and Rosemary due to the existence of many phytochemicals including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, glycolipids, polysaccharides, peptidoglycans, carbohydrates, amino acids, and saponins.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of olive leaf and Rosemary extracts on glucose level and lipid profile among sixty healthy adult male albino rats of Wister strain strain weighing around 120 to 150g were purchased from the animal house of Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University. The animals were housed under laboratory conditions (relative humidity 85±2%, temperature 22±1°C and 12h light and 12h dark cycle). They were fed with standard rodent pellet diet (Gold Mohar, Lipton - India, Ltd) and distilled water ad libitum.
After two weeks of rehabilitation, they were divided randomly into six equal groups of 10 rats each as follows:
- group I (control -ve): 10 rats were left as control (fed with standard diet only).
The rest was injected subcutaneously with alloxan (120 mg/kg BW) for the induction of diabetes, and kept for a week till stabilization of diabetes.
Diabetic rats were subdivided into the following groups:
- group II: 10 diabetic rats were left without treatment (control+ve).
- group III: 10 diabetic rats were treated with 0.5 ml rosemary leaf extract (containing 200 mg/kg BW).
- group IV: 10 diabetic rats were treated with 0.5 ml olive leaf extract (containing 200 mg/kg BW).
- group V: 10 diabetic rats were treated with 0.5 ml mixture of olive and rosemary leaves extract (containing 200mg/kg BW).
- group VI: 10 diabetic rats were treated with 200 mg/kg of metformin.
Doses were given daily for eight weeks.
At the end of the eight weeks experimental period, the rats will be fasted for 12 hours and scarified by cervical decapitation. Fasting blood specimens will be collected from each rat into a dry, clean and labeled tube and allowed to coagulate in an incubator at 37 °C for 30 minutes then they centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15minutes to obtain serum to investigate the effect of olive leaf extract and rosemary extract on
• Plasma glucose level
• Kidney function: blood urea and serum creatinine level.
• Lipid profile: total cholesterol, serum triglyceride, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL).
• Liver function: Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).
• Histopathological analysis of pancreases of alloxan induced rats.
from the present work, the following results were obtained:
• The highest percent change in plasma glucose level (79.32%) was detected in diabetic rat group treated with 200 mg/kg Rosemary, followed by 75.53% in group treated with 200mg/kg Olive leaves extract, then 71.48% in group treated with 200mg/kg mixture of Olive leaves and Rosemary extracts.The lowest percent change 60.56% was detected in group treated with 200mg/kg metformin compared to positive control.
• The highest percent change in Blood urea (68.1%) was detected in diabetic rat group treated with mixture of Olive leaf and Rosemary extracts, followed by 49.5% in group treated with 200mg/kg Rosemary extract, then reduced to 46.1% in group treated with 200mg/kg metformin The lowest percent change of Blood urea 40.6% was detected in group treated with 200mg/kg Rosemary. There was a significant difference in the percent change of Blood urea in trated groups compared to positive control.
• The highest percent change in Serum creatinine 53.0% was detected in diabetic rat group treated with Olive leaf extract, followed by 47.7% in group treated with 200mg/kg mixture of Olive leaves and Rosemary extracts, then reduced to 47.0% in group treated with 200mg/kg metformin. The lowest percent change in serum creatinine 46.4% was detected in group treated with Rosemary. There was a significant difference in the percent change of Serum creatinine compared to positive control.
• The highest percent change of total cholesterol 47.9% was detected in diabetic rat group treated with Olive leaf extract, followed by 43.0% in group treated with 200mg/kg Rosemary extract, then reduced to 39.1% in group treated with 200mg/kg metformin . The lowest percent change of total cholesterol 37.6% was detected in group treated with 200mg/kg mixture of Olive leaf extract and Rosemary. There was a significant difference in the percent change of Total cholesterol compared to positive control.
• The highest percent change in serum triglyceride 71.6% was detected in diabetic rat group treated with metformin, followed by 70.0% in group treated with 200mg/kg mixture of Olive leaf and Rosemary extracts, then reduce to 67.4% in group treated with 200mg/kg Olive leaf extract. The lowest percent change 62.1 was detected in group treated with Rosemary. There was a significant difference in the percent change of Serum triglyceride in treated rat groups compared to positive control.
• The highest percent change of Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) 49.7% was detected in diabetic rat group treated with Olive leaf extract, followed by 45.7% in group treated with 200 mg/kg Rosemary extract, then reduced to 41.7% in group treated with 200mg/kg mixture of Olive leaves and Rosemary extracts. The lowest percent change 34.5% in LDL was detected in group treated with metformin. There was a significant difference in the percent change of LDL in treated rat groups compared to positive control.
• The highest percent change of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) 56.7mg/kg was detected in group treated with metformin, followed by 53.0% in group treated with 200mg/kg Olive leaves extract, then reduced to 51.5% in group treated with 200mg/kg mixture of Olive leaves and Rosemary extracts .The lowest percent change of HDL 46.7% was detected in group treated with Rosemary extract. There was a significant difference in the percent change of HDL in treated groups compared to positive control.
• The highest percent change of the activity of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) 63.8% was detected diabetic rat in group treated with 200mg/kg Rosemary extract, followed by 61.1% in group treated with 200mg/kg mixture of Olive leaves and Rosemary extracts, then 59.7% in group treated with 200 mg/kg metformin. The lowest percent change 58.0% was detected in group treated with 200mg/kg Olive leaf extract. There was a significant difference in the percent change of AST compared to positive control.
• The highest percent change of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 43.9% was detected in diabetic rat group treated with 200mg/kg Rosemary exreact, followed by 40.8% in group treated with 200mg/kg Olive leaves extract then 40.5% in group treated with 200mg/kg metformin. The lowest percent change was detected in group treated with 200mg/kg mixture of Olive leaf and Rosemary extracts. There was a significant difference in the percent change of ALT compared to positive control.
• The highest percent change of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 43.4% was detected in diabetic rat group treated with Olive leaf extract, followed by 41.4% in group treated with 200mg/kg Rosemary extract. The lowest reduction in ALP 39.6% was detected in both groups treated with 200mg/kg metformin and that treated with 200mg/kg mixture of Olive leaves and Rosemary extracts. There was a significant difference in the percent change of ALP in treated rat groups compared to positive control.
• Pancreatic section in diabetic rat showing a clear atrophy of β cells, sever injury in Acini, and cellular vacuolization, treatment of diabetic rats with Olive leaf extract, Rosemary extract, combination of both extracts and metformin improved the histological picture; showing an improvement in pancreatic acini, Islets Langerhans and reduction in cellular vacuolization.