الفهرس 
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Abstract
Circulating free cell DNA is the fragmentation of nucleic acids in body fluids, and has been described in the serum of healthy persons and patients with a variety of diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes, cerebral stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, preeclampsia, Whipple’s disease and malignant tumors. Investigations have detected increased ctDNA in the plasma of patients with severe injuries, organ failure and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes. Elevated levels of ctDNA were also found in patients who had undergone organ transplantation .
Changes in the level of ctDNA and mtDNA have been found in plasma and serum of patients with various cancer types. In breast cancer patients it has been shown that ctDNA levels are elevated in plasma as well as in serum when compared to healthy controls , on the other hand, mtDNA levels were mostly found to be increased in breast cancer patients in comparison to healthy controls and benign breast tumors.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women both in the developed and less developed world. It is estimated that worldwide over 508000 women died in 2011 due to breast cancer (Global Health Estimates, WHO 2013). Although breast cancer is thought to be a disease of the developed world, almost 50% of breast cancer cases and 58% of deaths occur in less developed countries. .
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, with an incidence which ranks third and
mortality which ranks second in all malignant tumors. The one-year
survival in patients with HCC without surgical ablation is less than 30%,
and the 5-year recurrence rate is about 80%, even in patients who