الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present work investigates some pharmacodynamics studies and the possible adverse effects of two growth promoting preparations
( Lactoplus - keragen Longlife ® and Design Liver Up ®) to be used orally each alone or concomitantly in O.niloticus fish as growth promoters added to the ration for 10 successive weeks . In addition, the possibility of these preparations to antagonize the toxic effects induced by chronic administration of lead acetate in the water of O.niloticus fish were studied and evaluated. Moreover, a pharmacokinetic study was carried out to determine the residual levels of lead in some tissues of O.niloticus fish and the role of these preparations each alone or concomitantly in reducing or minimizing the residual levels of lead. Therefore, experiments were carried out on growth, blood picture, immunity, biochemical parameters as well as histological examination. Moreover, a pharmacokinetic study was carried out to determine the residual levels of lead in liver, muscle and brain tissues of the studded O.niloticus fish.
1) A total of 420 fish from Nile tilapia (O. niloticus), mean initial weight of 3 ± 0.03 g, were collected from a private fish farm at Kafr El-sheikh Governorate, Egypt.
2) A number of fish (100 fish) was used to determine LD50 of lead acetate. The other (320) Fish were divided into eight equal groups, each of 40 fish. The groups were arranged as follows: group (1): Fish were feed on a ration mixed with Lactoplus-keragen Longlife ® at a dose of 1gm/kg ration group (2) :Fish were feed on a ration mixed with Lactoplus-keragen Longlife ® at a dose of 1gm / kg ration in the presence of 1/10 LD50 of lead acetate in fish water. group (3): Fish were feed on a ration mixed with Design Liver Up® at a dose of 1gm / kg ration. group (4): Fish were feed on ration mixed with Design Liver Up® at a dose of 1gm / kg ration. In the presence of 1/10 LD50 of lead acetate in water group (5): Fish were exposed to 1/10 LD50 of lead acetate in water. group (6): Fish were feed on a ration mixed with Lactopluse-keragen Longlife ® at a dose of 1 gm / kg ration and Design Liver Up® at a dose of 1gm/ kg ration. group (7): Fish were feed on a ration mixed with Lactopluse - keragen Longlife ®1 gm / kg ration and Design Liver Up® 1gm / kg ration in the presence of 1/10 LD50 of lead acetate in water. group (8): Fish were feed on a ration with no feed additive and no lead acetate in fish water to be considered as a control group. Fish were feed on a ration containing 25% crude protein two times per day at feeding levels of 3 % from the live body weight, daily. The period of experiment was extended for 10 weeks. The aquarium water was replaced every day to remove the wastes produced by the fish.(lead acetate was added to the new water each time the water replaced)
3) After 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks from the start of the experiment, the fish were taken to determine the different growth performance. Two Blood samples were taken to determine the different blood parameters and to separate serum for biochemical studies. The liver, spleen and kidney of treated and control fish were isolated and prepared for histological examination after 6 and 10 weeks. At 10 weeks extra samples from fish muscles, liver and brain was prepared for residual tests.
4) The obtained results showed that chronic administration of lead acetate daily for 10 successive weeks induced a significant decrease in growth parameters, R.B.Cs count, W.B.Cs count, Hb % and PCV. Moreover, it induced a significant increase in liver and kidney function tests. Lead acetate produced a significant decrease in antioxidants activity, phagocytic activity and increased serum cortisol level. Lead (Pb) accumulated in the liver, musculature and brain of the treated fish and produced many histological alterations.
5) Lactopluse - keragen Longlife ® and Design Liver Up® each alone produced a significant increase in growth parameters, R.B.Cs count, W.B.Cs count, Hb % and PCV. The preparations could prevent the adverse effects of lead acetate on the liver and kidney function tests and cortisol. Lactopluse - keragen Longlife ® and Design Liver Up® increased the antioxidant activity and the phagocytic activity. They reduced the serum cortisol level. Lactopluse - keragen Longlife ® and Design Liver Up® given orally each alone daily for 10 successive weeks reduced the severity of lead acetate on histological structure of the liver, spleen and kidney of the treated fish and reduced residues of lead in the liver ,muscles and brain.
6) Concomitant oral administration of Lactopluse - keragen Longlife ® and Design Liver Up® mixed with the ration daily for 10 successive weeks antagonized the adverse effects of lead acetate and prevented lead (Pb) accumulation in the liver, muscle and brain tissues. This combination reduced the severity of effects of lead acetate on the histological structure of the liver, spleen and the kidney.