الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present study is mainly dealing with the water chemistry and detect the pollutants in water resources (surface water and groundwater samples) as well as evaluate these water sources for the different purposes at El–Sadat City, Mounifia Governorate, which is considered as one of the largest and important industrial and agricultural modern cities in Egypt. It has constructed more than four decades ago at about 93 km of Cairo along the Cairo – Alexandria desert road. The study area is bounded by latitudes 300 18ˊ& 300 30ˊN and longitudes 300 30ˊ& 300 50ˊ E. The total area of El-Sadat city is about 500km2. It accommodates a population number of 250,000 capita after estimate of 2016.
Forty-five water samples were collected from the study area, four surface water samples representing both of El-Rayyah El–Nasery and the oxidation ponds as well as forty-one groundwater samples.
The collected data and the obtained results were edited and represented throughout the following titles:
1– Introduction:
It contains general outlines, location of the study area and the goal as well as the scope of the present work.
2 – Review of literature:
It contains the previous studies that carried out on the study area.
3 – Materials and methods:
It includes the field activities (collection of the water samples from the area of study), laboratory activities (analysis of the collected water samples) and finally the office activities.
4– Results and discussion:
They include the discussion of the discussion of the water chemistry, water pollution and evaluation of the water resources at the study area for different uses.
The obtained results indicated the following:
The variation of pH values is mostly due to the interaction with the aquifer rocks matrices.
The difference in salinity concentration from locality to another may be due to different factors, where the groundwater wells which are close to the irrigation canal streams show low salinity content due to the seepage from the irrigation canal water to these locations. On the other hand: the groundwater wells which are far from the irrigation water canals streams show a relatively high salinity content due to the over-pumping, return flow after irrigation …..etc.
The obtained data show high variability among the measured trace elements, where some of them are less than safe limits for all the water samples, while the other show higher concentrations more than the permissible limits in some of the water samples.
It is noticed that all surface water samples (El-Rayyah El–Nasery) have Al, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, B, Cd and Ba concentrations less than the permissible limits for contamination. On the other hand, all groundwater samples have Al, Cu, Ni, Pb, B, Cd and Ba concentrations less than the permissible limits for contamination while, 98, 61, 88and 68% have Cr, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations less than the permissible limits for contamination.
Two wastewater ponds (oxidation ponds) at El-Sadat city are used for collection of domestic, industrial and agricultural waste materials via a network of pipelines. Wastewater contains many polluted materials which may be penetrated down to the Pleistocene aquifer and negatively affect the water quality.
In general, some of the groundwater samples in the study area are polluted due to the human, agricultural and industrial activities as well as the seepage from the drainage water (oxidation ponds).
All surface water samples and 39% of the groundwater samples are unsuitable for human drinking because they are contaminated under the ordinary conditions. So, it must be treated before use.
All surface water (El-Rayyah El–Nasery) and the majority of the groundwater samples (about 76%) are suitable for poultry, livestock and cattle drinking.
All surface water and majority of groundwater are suitable for irrigation and industrial activities.
Majority of the groundwater samples at the study area are affected by El-Rayyah El-Nasery water, i.e., there are seepage from the canal water to the groundwater. Some groundwater samples at the study area are affected by the oxidation ponds and the effluents of the industrial factories as well as the return flow after irrigation. In addition, there are leaching and dissolution process for groundwater from the aquifer matrices.
Recommendations:
It is very important to treat chemically and bacteriologically the water at the study area before using especially for human drinking. Also, it is noticed high salinity of some groundwater aquifers which indicate the unused water from these aquifers; therefore it is a must to analysis water in El–Sadat city through alternative periods to evaluate the changes of water salinity, heavy, trace & minor constituents and faecal coliforms.
More studies still needed for monitoring of spatial and temporal variations the quantity and quality of groundwater bodies and for maintaining this water resource in order to sustain the development plants at El–Sadat city.