الفهرس 
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and Hypertension (HT) are among the most common chronic non-communicable diseases and multifactorial disorders affecting both developed and developing countries and result from both genetic and environmental etiological factors.
Hypertension is twice more common in diabetics than in non-diabetics. Both hypertension and DM increase significantly with increasing age and their co-existence is highest in older individuals. The co-existence of DM and hypertension is particularly common in obese individuals and significantly increase the risk for coronary heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, congestive heart failure and stroke compared with either condition alone. Microvascular complications are also more common in patients with co-existent hypertension and DM and both retinopathy and nephropathy are more prevalent in patients with DM and hypertension.
The current study aimed at studying hypertension among type 2 diabetic patients attending the Old Borg El Arab Unit in Alexandria for follow up in the period of August 2018 to December 2018. Specific objectives included calculation of the prevalence of hypertension among type 2 diabetic patients, revealing potential factors for hypertension among type 2 diabetic patients and identifying the relationship between hypertension and associated risk factors.
To accomplish these aims, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in the clinic. All type 2 diabetic patients attending the clinic for follow up in the days of weekly schedule of field work in the period from August 2018To December 2018 were included in the study sample.
Patients were interviewed to collect data related to their socio-demographic characteristics, personal medical history, family medical history, physical activity and dietary pattern. An assessment sheet was used to record weight, height, blood pressure and last fasting blood glucose level.
Results of the present study were presented in four sections
Section I: Socio-demographic characteristics of studied patients
The present study included a total number of 120 type 2 diabetic patients. Their age ranged from 44 to 75 years with a mean of 59.43±7.26 years. Almost two thirds of the enrolled patients (69.2%) were females. More than one third of the enrolled patients (47.5%) were illiterate or just able to read and write. About two thirds of patients (64.2) had no work.
Section II: Hypertension: Prevalence and associated socio-demographic variables
The Prevalence of hypertension among the enrolled type 2 diabetic patients was 71.7 %. Of them 18.6% were newly discovered during the study period.
Age, sex, level of education, occupation and smoking were the variables associated with prevalence of hypertension, P (<0.05).
The mean age of patients was significantly higher (61.06±6.39 years) in the hypertensive group compared to the non-hypertensive group (55.29±7.76 years). These differences were statistically significant, where P (<0.001).
Female gender was significantly associated (P=0.016) with the highest prevalence of hypertension (75.6%) among the enrolled patients. More than half (55.8%) of the hypertensive patients were illiterates/read and write compared to normotensives. On the other hand, more of the normotensives had secondary and university education (26.5% and 23.5%) compared to hypertensive patients. These differences were statistically significant, where P < 0.001.
More than two thirds (68.6%) of the hypertensive patients were unemployed compared to the normotensives (52.9%). These differences were statistically significant, where P < 0.031.
As regards smoking, hypertensive diabetic patients were significantly current smokers than normotensive ones (20.9% and 5.9% respectively), P=0.024.
Section III: Association of hypertension with personal and family medical history
The duration of diabetes in the present study was less than five years in more than half of the enrolled patients (56.7%). Significantly more of the hypertensive patients have had diabetes since 5-<10 years or more than 10 years compared to the normotensive ones, P = 0.002. Regarding the BMI, it was significantly associated (P < 0.001) with prevalence of hypertension among the enrolled diabetic patients.
The mean BMI was significantly higher among the hypertensive patients (34.31 ±7.15) compared to the non-hypertensive ones (28.09 ±5.43 years), P<0.001.
All of the normotensive patients were on diabetic medications compared to 89.5% of hypertensive patients. This difference was statistically insignificant, where P=0.059.
The majority of both groups were on hypoglycemic medications (89.6% and 85.3% for hypertensive and normotensive patients respectively). More of the normotensives were on insulin injection than hypertensive patients (14.7% and 5.2% respectively). only5.2% of the hypertensive patients were on life style modifications. These differences were statistically insignificant, where P=0.130.
More than three quarters (80%) of the enrolled diabetic patients were compliant to their diabetes treatment.