الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 191 |  |  |
| | | from | 191 | | |
Abstract
This study was carried out during the period from October 2017 to September 2018 in the Laboratory Animal House of the Department of Animal and Poultry Management and Wealth Development at Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-suefUniversity. A total number of 260 male wistar rats was used for induction and management of Alzheimer’s disease.
This study was divided into two experiments:
First experiment was performed on 175 male wistar rats to study the effects of use of some medicinal plants (Moringaolifera extract (MO), Ginkgo biloba extract (GB), Nigella sativa extract (NS), Ginger extract (GN) and Ginseng extract (GS)) on induced Alzheimer disease rat model via intraperitoneal injection (i.p) of aluminium chloride (AlCl3).
Second experiment was conducted on 85 male wistar rats to study the effects of use of some medicinal plants (Moringaolifera (MO), Ginkgo biloba(GB) and Green tea (GT)) on induced ADM through oral administration of aluminium chloride.
The obtained results can be summarized as the following:
I) First experiment:
Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on locomotor and exploratory behaviour in open field test in induced AD rat model via intraperitoneal injection of AlCl3
Administration of AlCl3 via intraperitoneal injection was found to affect the locomotor and exploratory behaviour in ADM rats which detected by significant decrease in number of peripheral square crossing and rearing activity.In addition, significant decrease in central square duration and central square crossing was noticed in open field test.
Treatment with Moringaolifera extract (MO), Ginkgo biloba extract (GB), Nigella sativa extract (NS), Ginger extract (GN) and Ginseng extract (GS) extract reduced the adverse effects of AlCl3 on locomotor and exploratory behaviour. It was clear that MO, NS and GN extracts enhanced the locomotor activity and exploratory behaviour. In addition, GB extract mainly improved the locomotor activity. Moreover, GS extract increased rearing activity and exploratory behaviourin the open field test.
Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on anxiety behaviour in open field test in induced AD rat model via intraperitoneal injection of AlCl3
ADM rats showed elevated anxiety where freezing or immobilitytime, stretch attend posture (SAP), grooming duration and grooming frequency significantly increased. Treatment with all medicinal plants extracts used reduced freezing or immobility and decreased grooming frequency and duration. In addition, GB and NS extracts decreased stretch attend posture (SAP), and MO extract decreased defecation. In conclusion all medicinal plant extracts used possess an anxiolytic activity in different degrees.
Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on impaired spontaneous alternation behaviour in Y-maze test in induced AD rat model via intraperitoneal injection of AlCl3
The obtained results showed that the working memory in Y-maze was impaired in ADM group which observed by a significantdecrease in spontaneous alternation behaviour (SAP) and increased alternate arm returns (AAR). Administration of all used medicinal plants extracts improved the impaired spatial working memory in ADM rats with absence of the statistical difference in between by increasing spontaneous alternation behaviour. Moreover, NS extract significantly decreased alternative arm return compared to ADM group.
Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on impaired recognition behaviour in novel object recognition test in induced AD rat model via intraperitoneal injection of AlCl3
It was clear that recognition memory was impaired in ADM rats that noticed by significantly reduced difference score (DS), discrimination index (DI) and discrimination ratio percent (DR). Treatment with extracts of all used medicinal plants (MO, GB, NS, GN and GS) used improved the impaired short term memory by significantly increasing discrimination index (DI) and discrimination ratio percent (DR). In conclusion all used medicinal plants extracts improved the impaired recognition memory in AD model rats specially GS, GN and MO extracts.
Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on learning curve during training days in Morris water maze test (MWM) in induced AD rat model via intraperitoneal injection of AlCl3
It was obvious that during the four days of training ADM rats showed a significantincrease in the escape latency to reach the visible and non-visible platform in comparison with control, MO, NS and GS groups. In addition, during the fifth day (test day) the ADM group showed an increased escape latency to reach the site of removed platform significantly in comparison with all groups.
Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on spatial reference memory in final test day (probe trial) in Morris water maze test (MWM) in induced AD rat model via intraperitoneal injection of AlCl3
In the final test day (probe trial) for assessment of spatial reference memory, ADM group showed a significantdecrease retention latency (spent less time in Q4) in comparison with control, nigella and ginseng groups. Regarding first time the rats enter Q4 (FTQ4), it was clear that the ADM group reach the Q4 significantly late in comparison with control, MO, GB, NS and GN. Moreover, ADM rats consumed a significantmore time to reach the site of the removed platform (FPT) in comparison with all groups.
Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on acetylcholinesterase activity and oxidative stress biomarkers levels in brain tissue in induced AD rat model via intraperitoneal injection of AlCl3
It was obvious that acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) was significantly decreased in ADM rats. Treatment with MO, GB, GN and GS extracts ameliorates reduction in AChE activity.
Concerning oxidative stress parameters, the catalase activity significantly decreased in ADM group. Treatment with MO, GB, NS and GS increased catalase activity significantly. In addition, the malonaldehyde level (MDA) increased significantly in ADM group, and administration of all medicinal plants extracts significantly decreased the elevated MDA level. On the other side, no significant changes noticed in glutathione level (GSH) between the groups.
Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on monoamines levels in brain tissue in induced AD rat model via intraperitoneal injection of AlCl3
Results declared that administration of aluminium chloride significantly decreased all brain monoamines levels (noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin). Treatment with all medicinal plants restored the reduced brain monoamines levels particularly ginseng and ginger extracts.
Figures (6-9): Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on histology and morphometry of brain tissue (CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4) in induced AD rat model via intraperitoneal injection of AlCl3
Figures (10-12): Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on histology and morphometry of brain tissue (dentate gyrus, cerebral cortex and amyloid deposits) in induced AD rat model via intraperitoneal injection of AlCl3
Concerning histopathological examination, in the present exposure of aluminium via intraperitoneal route, led to severe and marked histopathological alterations in both hippocampus and the cerebral cortex, that represented by neuronal degeneration in different regions of hippocampus and cytoplasmic vacuolization, hemorrhage, and gliosis. Treatment with medicinal plant extracts reduced the neurodegenerative changes in the brain at different degrees.
Congo red staining showed a minute positive reaction of amyloid plaques could be seen in the cerebral cortex in AlCl3 group. Treatment with medicinal plant extracts decreased the deposition of amyloid plaques at different degrees.
II) Second experiment:
Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on locomotor and exploratory behaviour in open field test in induced AD rat model via oral administration of AlCl3
Oral administration of AlCl3 decreased locomotor activity (significant decrease in number of peripheral square crossing), and exploratory activity (decrease number of peripheral square crossing and decrease in central square crossing and duration) in ADM group. Treatment with Moringaolifera (MO), Ginkgo biloba(GB) and Green tea (GT) extracts were found to increased locomotor activity (NO. Of peripheral square crossing) compared to ADM group. Regarding exploratory behaviour (peripheral square crossing, rearing, central square crossing and duration), it was found that treatment with MO, GB and GT extracts increased number of central square crossing and central square duration in comparison with ADM group with only significant difference with GT.
Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on anxiety behaviour in open field test in induced AD rat model via oral administration of AlCl3
It was obvious that AlCl3 increased rat anxiety by increasing freezing time, stretch attend posture, grooming frequency and grooming duration. Treatment with GB and GT significantly decreased grooming frequency and duration. Thus administration of MO, GB, GT extracts revealed that these medicinal plants possess an anxiolytic activity.
Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on impaired spontaneous alternation behaviour in Y-maze test in induced AD rat model via oral administration of AlCl3
The obtained results showed that the working memory in Y-maze was impaired which observed by a significantdecreasein spontaneous alternation behaviour (SAP) and increased alternative arm returns (AAR) in ADM group. Treatment with MO, GB, and GT extracts significantly improved memory impairment induced by AlCl3 by increasing SAP. In addition, MO and GT extracts decreased alternative arm returns (AAR).
Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on impaired recognition behaviour in novel object recognition test in induced AD rat model via oral administration of AlCl3
It was clear that recognition memory was impaired in ADM group that noticed by a significantreduction in difference score (DS), discrimination index (DI) and discrimination ratio percent (DR). Treatment with MO, GB and GT extracts improved impaired short term memory induced by AlCl3 by increasing DS, DI and DR.
Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on learning curve during training days in Morris water maze test (MWM) in induced AD rat model via oral administration of AlCl3
It was found that during the first three days of training,there was no significant difference between different groups in the time taken to locate the platform. During the fourth day ADM rats showed a significantincrease in the escape latency to locate the hidden platform compared to control and GT groups. During the fifth day (test day) the ADM group showed a significantincreasein the escape latency to reach the site of removed platform in comparison with other groups.
Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on spatial reference memory in final test day (probe trial) in Morris water maze test (MWM) in induced AD rat model via oral administration of AlCl3
The obtained results obtained illustrated that retention latency TQ4 (spent less time in Q4) significantly decreased in ADM rats in comparison with all groups. Regarding frequency of entering Q4 (FQ4), results showed that FQ4 significantly decreased in ADM group compared to MO and GT groups. In addition, the first time the rats enter Q4 (FTQ4) significantly increased in ADM group (reaching the Q4 late) in relation to all groups. Moreover, first time to reach the site of the removed platform (FPT) significantly increased in ADM group in comparison with other groups.
Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on acetylcholinesterase activity and oxidative stress biomarkers levels in brain tissue in induced AD rat model via oral administration of AlCl3
It was obvious that acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) was decreased significantly in ADM rats. Treatment with MO, GB, and GT extracts ameliorates reduction in AChE activity.
Considering oxidative stress parameters, the catalase activity decreased significantly in ADM group. Treatment with MO, GB and GT significantly increased catalase activity. In addition, the malonaldehyde level (MDA) significantly increased in ADM group. Treatment with MO, GB and GT decreased the elevated MDA level. Moreover, GSH level decreased significantly in ADM group compared to GB and control groups.
Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on monoamines levels in brain tissue in induced AD rat model via oral administration of AlCl3
It was clear that all brain monoamines levels (nor adrenaline, dopamine, serotonin) reduced significantly in ADM group. Treatment with extracts of all medicinal plant restored the reduced brain monoamines levels particularly GT extract.
Figure (14): Effect of treatment with some medicinal plants on histology of brain tissue (dentate gyrus and amyloid deposits) in induced AD rat model via oral administration of AlCl3
Concerning histopathological examination, in the present exposure of aluminium via oral route, led to severe and marked histopathological alterations in the dentate gyrus. Treatment with extracts of medicinal plant reduced the neurodegenerative changes in the brain at different degrees. In addition to positive detection of amyloid plaques in ADM rats.